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Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life: pp.32-46 in Campbell 7 Ed. (Review of General Chemistry)

This document provides an overview of key chemical concepts including: 1) It defines basic terms like elements, compounds, atoms, and subatomic particles. 2) It describes atomic structure including electrons, protons, neutrons, and isotopes. 3) It explains how chemical bonds form between atoms through ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and weak interactions like hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. 4) It introduces concepts like molecular shape and chemical reactions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
68 views20 pages

Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life: pp.32-46 in Campbell 7 Ed. (Review of General Chemistry)

This document provides an overview of key chemical concepts including: 1) It defines basic terms like elements, compounds, atoms, and subatomic particles. 2) It describes atomic structure including electrons, protons, neutrons, and isotopes. 3) It explains how chemical bonds form between atoms through ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and weak interactions like hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. 4) It introduces concepts like molecular shape and chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

ackeralyssa
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2: Chemical

Context of Life
pp.32-46 in Campbell 7th Ed.
(Review of General Chemistry)
Familiar Terms?
• Matter – takes up space, has mass

• Element – cannot be broken to other substances

• Compound – 2+ different elements combined in a fixed


ratio

• Essential Elements – essential to life (25 of 92


naturally occurring elements)

• Trace Elements – required by organisms in minute


quantities
…Continued…
• Atom

• Neutrons

• Protons

• Electrons

• Dalton – unit to measure atoms, subatomic particles,


molecules
– 1 dalton = 1amu

• Atomic Number - # p+ and e-


…There’s More…
• Mass Number – sum of p+ and n0

• Atomic Mass – approximation of total mass of an


atom
Isotopes
• Isotope

• Radioactive Isotope – isotope in which nucleus decays spontaneously, giving


off particles and energy
– When decay leads to change in # p +, atom transforms to atom of a different
element
– Uses:
• Dates fossils
• Tracers used to follow atoms through metabolism
• Diagnostic tool
– Hazards:
• Damages cell molecules
• Radioactive fallout
• Doses
Energy
• An atom is mostly made up of empty space

• Energy – capacity to cause change

• Potential Energy – stored energy

• Energy Levels – different states of potential energy


that electrons have in an atom
Electron Shells
More with Electrons
• Electron Configuration – distribution of electrons
determines chemical behavior

• Valence Electrons – outermost e-’s

• Valence Shell – outermost electron shell

• Electron Orbital – 3-D space where an electron is


found 90% of the time
Orbitals:

1s 2py

2px 2pz
Bonds
• Chemical Bonds – atoms stay close together because of
attractions

• Ionic Bond – two atoms so unequal in their attraction for


valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips
an electron completely away from its partner

• Covalent Bond – sharing a pair of valence electrons

• Single Bond – a pair of shared electrons

• Double Bond – two pairs of valence electrons that are


shared
Bonding Terms
• Molecule – two or more atoms held together by
covalent bonds

• Structural Formula – represents both atoms and


bonding

• Molecular Formula – indicates how many of each


molecule exists
Valence
• An atoms bonding capacity
Electronegativity
• The attraction of a particular kind of
atom for the electrons of a covalent
bond

• Greater electronegativity = stronger


pull of shared electrons toward itself

• Nonpolar Covalent Bond – electrons


are shared equally

• Polar Covalent Bond – unequal sharing


of electrons
Yes, more terms…
• Ion
• Cation
• Anion
• Salts or Ionic Compounds – formed by ionic bonds
Weak Chemical Bonds
• Ionic Bonds

• Hydrogen Bonds

• Van der Waals Interactions


Ionic Bond
• More electronegative atom strips an electron away from its
partner
Hydrogen Bond
• A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom
is attracted to another electronegative atom (usually O or N)
Van der Waals Interactions
• Occur only when atoms and molecules are close together
– Changing “hot spots” of positive and negative charge that enable all
atoms and molecules to stick to one another
Molecular Shape and Function
• Molecule of two atoms = linear

• Atom with valence electrons in s


and p orbital = tetrahedron
(pyramid) shape

• Shape determines how biological


molecules recognize each other
Chemical Reactions
• Making and breaking of chemical bonds
leading to changes in the composition of
matter

• Law of Conservation of Matter

• Reactants

• Products

• Chemical Equilibrium

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