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Unit 2 - Chapter 2 - Macromolecules Notes

This document discusses macromolecules, which are essential large molecules that make up living things. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each is made up of smaller monomer units that polymerize to form these larger molecules. Carbohydrates function to provide energy, lipids are used for insulation and energy storage, proteins perform important structural and functional roles in cells and organisms, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information.

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1K views41 pages

Unit 2 - Chapter 2 - Macromolecules Notes

This document discusses macromolecules, which are essential large molecules that make up living things. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each is made up of smaller monomer units that polymerize to form these larger molecules. Carbohydrates function to provide energy, lipids are used for insulation and energy storage, proteins perform important structural and functional roles in cells and organisms, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information.

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api-375285021
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MACROMOLECULES

CHAPTER 2
Substances of Life
Organic Compounds: (aka. Macromolecules)
– Compounds that contain carbon and are derived
from living things

There are 4 major groups of organic compounds:


1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Protein
4. Nucleic Acids
What are cells made of?
What are macromolecules?
• Macro = BIG
• Macro + molecule = Big Molecule

• Macromolecules are essential molecules.

***ESSENTIAL – adjective: absolutely necessary;


extremely important
THINK!
Organic…..?
What does this mean?

They contain carbon


What do macromolecules look like?
• Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called monomers

(mono = one)

Kind of like bricks making a brick wall


• Monomer – single molecules; made when larger
molecules are broken down through hydrolysis
(the addition of water to split molecules)

• Polymer – many molecules joined together;


made when monomers are joined through
dehydration synthesis
(one molecule loses a H+ and one loses an OH- to form
water. This leaves an opening for a new bond to form)
4 Major Macromoleules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

Each of the four types are essential for survival of living


things.
What does that mean?!?
CARBOHYDRATES (sugars)
• Classified based on # of simple sugars

• Made up of:
C H O in 1:2:1 ratio
• MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY:
breaking down of glucose (sugar) by
the cell
• Energy stored in chemical bonds
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES: POLYSACCHARIDES:
• Simple carbs • Complex carbs = starches
• Milk, fruits, veggies
• Bread, pasta, beans
• They are the building
blocks of polysaccharides!
STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES
• Cellulose:
– Makes up plant cell walls
– Not easily digested
STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES
• Starch = glucose polymer; for energy
storage in plants
– Glycogen: how animals store and process
glucose; stored in liver

– Major sources in
human diet are
potatoes and grains
STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES

• Glycogen = glucose polymer, for energy


storage in animals
• Animals store glucose in the form of
glycogen in muscles and liver
MACROMOLECULE MONOMER EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS
Monosaccharides Sucrose, Short-term
Carbohydrate connect to make glucose, energy;
Polysaccharides
cellulose, structure;
starch, storage
glycogen
LIPIDS
• Organic compounds that ARE NOT
soluble in water
(won’t dissolve in water)
• Include:
fats, oils, waxes,
and steroids
C, H, O
• 3 Types:
saturated
unsaturated
polyunsaturated
Functions of Lipids
1. Insulation – keeps living things from
losing heat, also waterproofing (waxes)
Functions of Lipids
2. Long Term, Sustained Energy – it takes
more time to break down fats, but you get more
energy out of the molecule

3. Metabolism – some lipids are involved (ex.


Bile)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
4. Lipids make up the cell membrane. They
are non-polar… so the cells can’t dissolve in
water.
FAT
SATURATED: UNSATURATED:
• All single bonds • One or more double
bonds between
• Solid at room carbons
temperature
• Liquid at room
• Animal fats temperature

• “vegetable” or plant
oils
Structure of Lipids:
1. Monomers – building blocks
– Fatty acids
– Glycerol:
Structure of Lipids:
2. Polymers:
Triglycerides –
fats & oils that
supply energy

Phospholipids –
makeup cell
membranes
MACROMOLECULE MONOMER EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS
Lipid
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Elements: C, H, O, N, P, and S

• Structure:
– The monomers are NUCLEOTIDES
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID RIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA RNA

• Polymers assemble from individual monomers


known as nucleotides

• Store and transmit


hereditary – or
genetic – information.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• DNA & RNA • RNA helps in the
subunits are called synthesis of proteins
nucleotides
• DNA is in the form of
a double helix
– stores genetic
information!
DNA RNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RiboNucleic Acid
- Double stranded - Single stranded

- Nucleotides: - Nucleotides:
sugar – deoxyribose sugar – ribose
phosphate phosphate
Nitrogen Base Nitrogen Base:
1. Adenine (A) 1. Adenine (A)
2. Thymine (T) 2. Uracil (U)
3. Cytosine (C) 3. Cytosine (C)
4. Guanine (G) 4. Guanine (G)
MACROMOLECULE MONOMER EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS

Nucleic Acid Store and


transmit
hereditary, or
genetic,
information
PROTEINS
- The most important of all the macromolecules…
WHY?!
Building blocks of our cells
- Polymers of molecules called amino acids:

You can identify them because


of the Nitrogen.
PROTEINS
• Complex polymers of amino acids
– Made up of only 20 amino acids
• Functions:
structure, metabolism, transport, signaling,
movement, defense
Proteins
- In order to make proteins, animals must eat plants.

- DNA tells the cell what proteins to make


- Examples:
Functions of Proteins
STRUCTURAL – these build the organism (skin, hair,
nails, heart, lungs, etc.)

Regulators – proteins such as insulin regulate metabolic


functions
Functions of Proteins
Transport Proteins – carry important molecules
throughout the organism
Functions of Proteins
• Enzyme – control chemical reactions
– they act as a catalyst, which speed up
biochemical reactions and lower activation
energy
– Each enzyme has a very specific shape and
only works for a particular reaction.
MACROMOLECULE MONOMER EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS
Protein
CATALYSTS
• Substance that SPEEDS • Lower the reaction’s
UP a chemical reaction activation energy
ENZYMES
• PROTEINS that act as catalysts to speed up
chemical reactions (taking place inside the cell).
ENZYMES
• Lock and Key:
Substrates are the
molecules with which
the enzyme acts.

Active site is where the


enzyme and substrate
bond.
INDUCED FIT
• Since enzymes are rather flexible structures, the
active site is continually reshaped by interactions
with the substrate as the substrate interacts with
the enzyme
ENZYME ACTIVITY:
• Can be affected by:
– Other molecules
(poisons, drugs)
STOPPING

– pH changes

– Temperature
ENZYMES CONTINUED
• Enzymes are in • Enzymes are in meat
washing powders that tenderizers to help
break down oils make meat tender.

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