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William Stallings Data and Computer Communications: LAN Systems

This document summarizes key aspects of several local area network (LAN) technologies including Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and wireless LAN standards. It describes medium access control protocols like Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) used in Ethernet and examines physical layer implementations and specifications for speeds including 10Mbps, 100Mbps, and 1Gbps. Emerging third generation LANs aiming to support multimedia applications with quality of service guarantees are also discussed.

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81 views

William Stallings Data and Computer Communications: LAN Systems

This document summarizes key aspects of several local area network (LAN) technologies including Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and wireless LAN standards. It describes medium access control protocols like Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) used in Ethernet and examines physical layer implementations and specifications for speeds including 10Mbps, 100Mbps, and 1Gbps. Emerging third generation LANs aiming to support multimedia applications with quality of service guarantees are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Lê Đắc Nhường (Dac-Nhuong Le)
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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William Stallings

Data and Computer


Communications

Chapter 14
LAN Systems
Ethernet (CSAM/CD)
 Carriers Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection
 Xerox - Ethernet
 IEEE 802.3
IEEE802.3 Medium Access
Control
 Random Access
 Stations access medium randomly
 Contention
 Stations content for time on medium
ALOHA
 Packet Radio
 When station has frame, it sends
 Station listens (for max round trip time)plus small increment
 If ACK, fine. If not, retransmit
 If no ACK after repeated transmissions, give up
 Frame check sequence (as in HDLC)
 If frame OK and address matches receiver, send ACK
 Frame may be damaged by noise or by another station
transmitting at the same time (collision)
 Any overlap of frames causes collision
 Max utilization 18%
Slotted ALOHA
 Time in uniform slots equal to frame
transmission time
 Need central clock (or other sync mechanism)
 Transmission begins at slot boundary
 Frames either miss or overlap totally
 Max utilization 37%
CSMA
 Propagation time is much less than transmission time
 All stations know that a transmission has started almost
immediately
 First listen for clear medium (carrier sense)
 If medium idle, transmit
 If two stations start at the same instant, collision
 Wait reasonable time (round trip plus ACK contention)
 No ACK then retransmit
 Max utilization depends on propagation time (medium length)
and frame length
 Longer frame and shorter propagation gives better utilization
If Busy?
 If medium is idle, transmit
 If busy, listen for idle then transmit immediately

 If two stations are waiting, collision


CSMA/CD
 With CSMA, collision occupies medium for duration
of transmission
 Stations listen whilst transmitting

 If medium idle, transmit


 If busy, listen for idle, then transmit
 If collision detected, jam then cease transmission
 After jam, wait random time then start again
 Binary exponential back off
CSMA/CD
Operation
Collision Detection
 On baseband bus, collision produces much higher
signal voltage than signal
 Collision detected if cable signal greater than
single station signal
 Signal attenuated over distance
 Limit distance to 500m (10Base5) or 200m
(10Base2)
 For twisted pair (star-topology) activity on more
than one port is collision
 Special collision presence signal
IEEE 802.3 Frame Format
10Mbps Specification
(Ethernet)
 <data rate><Signaling method><Max segment length>

 10Base5 10Base2 10Base-T 10Base-FP

 Medium Coaxial Coaxial UTP 850nm fiber


 Signaling Baseband Baseband Baseband Manchester
 Manchester Manchester Manchester On/Off
 Topology Bus Bus Star Star
 Nodes 100 30 - 33
100Mbps (Fast Ethernet)
 100Base-TX 100Base-FX 100Base-T4

 2 pair, STP 2 pair, Cat 5UTP 2 optical fiber 4 pair, cat 3,4,5
 MLT-3 MLT-3 4B5B,NRZI 8B6T,NRZ
Gigabit Ethernet Configuration
Gigabit Ethernet - Differences
 Carrier extension
 At least 4096 bit-times long (512 for 10/100)
 Frame bursting
Gigabit Ethernet - Physical
 1000Base-SX
 Short wavelength, multimode fiber
 1000Base-LX
 Long wavelength, Multi or single mode fiber
 1000Base-CX
 Copper jumpers <25m, shielded twisted pair
 1000Base-T
 4 pairs, cat 5 UTP

 Signaling - 8B/10B
Token Ring (802.5)
 MAC protocol
 Small frame (token) circulates when idle
 Station waits for token
 Changes one bit in token to make it SOF for data frame
 Append rest of data frame
 Frame makes round trip and is absorbed by transmitting
station
 Station then inserts new token when transmission has
finished and leading edge of returning frame arrives
 Under light loads, some inefficiency
 Under heavy loads, round robin
Token Ring
Operation
Token Ring MAC Frame
Priority
Scheme
Dedicated Token Ring
 Central hub
 Acts as switch
 Full duplex point to point link
 Concentrator acts as frame level repeater
 No token passing
802.5 Physical Layer
 Data Rate 4 16
 Medium UTP,STP,Fiber
 Signaling Differential Manchester
 Max Frame 4550 18200
 Access Control TP or DTR TP or DTR

 Note: 100M, 1Gbit in development (won't fly)


FDDI
 100Mbps
 LAN and MAN applications
 Token Ring
 Integrated circuits for FDDI out of production
FDDI Physical Layer
 Medium Optical Fiber Twisted Pair
 Data rate 100 100
 Signaling 4B/5B/NRZI MLT-3
 Max repeaters 100 100
 Between repeaters 2km 100m
LAN Generations
 First
 CSMA/CD and token ring
 Terminal to host and client server
 Moderate data rates
 Second
 FDDI
 Backbone
 High performance workstations
 Third
 ATM -> Giga-Ethernet for LAN and Campus Nets
 Aggregate throughput and real time support for multimedia
applications
Third Generation LANs
 Support for multiple guaranteed classes of
service
 Live video may need 2Mbps
 File transfer can use background class
 Scalable throughput
 Both aggregate and per host
 Facilitate LAN/WAN internetworking
ATM LANs
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 Virtual paths and virtual channels
 Preconfigured or switched
 Gateway to ATM WAN
 Backbone ATM switch
 Single ATM switch or local network of ATM switches
 Workgroup ATM
 End systems connected directly to ATM switch
 Mixed system
Example ATM LAN
ATM LAN HUB
Fiber Channel - Background
 I/O channel
 Direct point to point or multipoint comms link
 Hardware based
 High Speed
 Very short distance
 User data moved from source buffer to destination buffer
 Network connection
 Interconnected access points
 Software based protocol
 Flow control, error detection &recovery
 End systems connections
Fiber Channel Network
Fiber Channel Protocol
Architecture (1)
 FC-0 Physical Media
 Optical fiber for long distance
 coaxial cable for high speed short distance
 STP for lower speed short distance
 FC-1 Transmission Protocol
 8B/10B signal encoding
 FC-2 Framing Protocol
 Topologies
 Framing formats
 Flow and error control
 Sequences and exchanges (logical grouping of frames)
Fiber Channel Protocol
Architecture (2)
 FC-3 Common Services
 Including multicasting
 FC-4 Mapping
 Mapping of channel and network services onto fiber
channel
 e.g. IEEE 802, ATM, IP, SCSI
Wireless LANs
 IEEE 802.11
 Basic service set (cell)
 Set of stations using same MAC protocol
 Competing to access shared medium
 May be isolated
 May connect to backbone via access point (bridge)
 Extended service set
 Two or more BSS connected by distributed system
 Appears as single logic LAN to LLC level
Types of station
 No transition
 Stationary or moves within direct communication
range of single BSS
 BSS transition
 Moves between BSS within single ESS
 ESS transition
 From a BSS in one ESS to a BSS in another ESS
 Disruption of service likely
Wireless LAN - Physical
 Infrared
 1Mbps and 2Mbps
 Wavelength 850-950nm
 Direct sequence spread spectrum
 2.4GHz ISM band
 Up to 7 channels
 Each 1Mbps or 2Mbps
 Frequency hopping spread spectrum
 2.4GHz ISM band
 1Mbps or 2Mbps
 Others under development
802.11 MAC Timing
Required Reading
 Stallings chapter 14
 Web sites on Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI, ATM
etc.

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