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Lecture 6

GPS uses a network of satellites to precisely identify locations on Earth. It measures the distance from 4 or more satellites to determine a position. GPS is owned by the US Department of Defense. Other global navigation satellite systems include Galileo and GLONASS. GPS allows users to accurately record locations, navigate to places, and record paths. It stores positions as waypoints and tracks. GPS coordinates are based on the WGS 84 datum. Projections allow representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface. Sources of error include atmospheric interference, multipath effects, clock limitations, orbital inaccuracies, and satellite configuration. Differential GPS improves accuracy by correcting errors using a known base station location.

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abdicasis rashid
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18 views

Lecture 6

GPS uses a network of satellites to precisely identify locations on Earth. It measures the distance from 4 or more satellites to determine a position. GPS is owned by the US Department of Defense. Other global navigation satellite systems include Galileo and GLONASS. GPS allows users to accurately record locations, navigate to places, and record paths. It stores positions as waypoints and tracks. GPS coordinates are based on the WGS 84 datum. Projections allow representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface. Sources of error include atmospheric interference, multipath effects, clock limitations, orbital inaccuracies, and satellite configuration. Differential GPS improves accuracy by correcting errors using a known base station location.

Uploaded by

abdicasis rashid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO GPS

GPS
Global Positioning System

A network of satellites that continuously transmits


coded information, which makes it possible to
precisely identify locations on earth by measuring
distance from the satellites
GPS Overview
• Important thing to note is that the GPS
system is owned by the USA, specifically by
the US Defence Department.

• Two new systems for global positioning are


being developed or already operate –
GALILLEO positioning system is being
developed by the European Union, and
GLONASS (global navigation system), a
Russian system that already operates.
Uses measurements from 4+ satellites
distance = travel time x speed of light
What Can You Do With GPS?
• Accurately and precisely record sites within 4
meters
– 1m or better with other GPS
• Navigate to locations pre-determined by
others
• Record the path you took and play it back
later (make a map in the GIS)
Storing positions

Waypoints

GPS saves the current position at the press


of a button Normally, also saves a
waypoint number, date, time and
altitude/height
Tracklogs

GPS automatically
records its position at
regular intervals
GPS Datum
• To determine latitude and longitude, surveyors level
their measurements down to a surface called a geoid.
The geoid is the shape that the earth would have if all its
topography were removed.
• Or more accurately, the shape the earth would have if
every point on the earth's surface had the value of mean
sea level.
WGS 84
World Geodetic System - 1984
The datum on which
GPS coordinates are
based and probably
the most common
datum for GIS data
sets with global
extent.
What is a Projection?
• If you could project light from a source through the
earth's surface onto a two-dimensional surface, you
could then trace the shapes of the surface features
onto the two-dimensional surface.
• This two-dimensional surface would be the basis for
your map.
Why use a Projection?
• Can only see half the earth’s surface at a time.
• Unless a globe is very large it will lack detail and
accuracy.
• Harder to represent features on a flat computer screen.
• Doesn’t fold, roll or transport easily.
Defining a Location
Latitude and Longitude
units of measurement are Degrees
Degree is divided into 60 Minutes
Minute is divided into 60 Seconds
Prime
Meridian

equator
Sources of Error

1. Atmospheric Interference
signal slows as it passes through atmosphere
ionosphere

troposphere

Use model to correct


2. Multipath Errors
Multipath means that the same radio signal is
received several times through different paths.
For instance, a radio wave could leave a satellite
and travel directly to the receiver, but it also
bounces off a building and arrives at the receiver
at a later time.
3. Clock Limitations
The internal satellite and receiver clocks have
limited accuracy, and they are not precisely
synchronized. Since position computations are
highly dependent on accurate timing information,
small clock errors can cause significant errors in
position computations.
4. Ephemeris Error (Orbital errors)
inaccuracies in reported position of satellite
5. Satellite Configuration
The configuration of the satellites in view to a
receiver at any given time can affect the accuracy
of position determination. For instance, if all of the
visible satellites happen to be bunched close
together, the triangulated position will be less
accurate than if those same satellites were evenly
distributed around the visible sky.
6. Selected Availability
Differential GPS
Place a GPS receiver (reference or base station) at a known
location. This base station receiver will calculate receiver
errors by comparing its actual location to the location
computed from the signals. This error information is sent to
the rover receiver, which uses it to correct the position
information it computes from the signals.
Known base station location Data corrected in office Unknown field locations
• Thank You

• Questions?
• 9.54658731
• 44.04725411

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