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Ch07 Database

This document discusses techniques for managing data resources, including traditional file organization versus database management systems. It covers database principles like entity-relationship diagrams and normalization. It also describes trends in data management, such as data warehousing, online analytical processing, and linking databases to the web. The goal is to organize information effectively and allow flexible data sharing, access, and analysis.

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Gangadhar Mamadapur
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
126 views

Ch07 Database

This document discusses techniques for managing data resources, including traditional file organization versus database management systems. It covers database principles like entity-relationship diagrams and normalization. It also describes trends in data management, such as data warehousing, online analytical processing, and linking databases to the web. The goal is to organize information effectively and allow flexible data sharing, access, and analysis.

Uploaded by

Gangadhar Mamadapur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE-V

DATA AND
SYSTEM
INTERFACE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• COMPARE TRADITIONAL FILE
ORGANIZATION & MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUES
• DESCRIBE HOW DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
ORGANIZES INFORMATION
*
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• IDENTIFY TYPES OF DATABASE,
PRINCIPLES OF DATABASE DESIGN
• DISCUSS DATABASE TRENDS
*
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

• TRADITIONAL DATA FILE


ENVIRONMENT
• DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA
MANAGEMENT
• CREATING DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT
• DATABASE TRENDS
*
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

1. ORGANIZATIONAL OBSTACLES:
Challenges existing power structure,
requires organizational restructure
2. COST / BENEFIT CONSIDERATIONS:
Large initial costs, delayed benefits,
tangible, intangible
*
FILE ORGANIZATION

• BIT: Binary Digit (0,1; Y,N; On,Off)


• BYTE: Combination of BITS which
represent a CHARACTER
• FIELD: Collection of BYTES which
represent a DATUM or Fact
• RECORD: Collection of FIELDS
which reflect a TRANSACTION
*
FILE ORGANIZATION

• FILE: A Collection of similar


RECORDS
• DATABASE: An Organization’s
Electronic Library of FILES organized
to serve business applications
*
FILE ORGANIZATION

• ENTITY: Person, place, thing, event


about which data must be kept
• ATTRIBUTE: Description of a
particular ENTITY
• KEY FIELD: Field used to retrieve,
update, sort RECORD
*
KEY FIELD

Field in Each Record


Uniquely Identifies THIS Record
For RETRIEVAL
UPDATING
SORTING
*
PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL FILE
ENVIRONMENT

• DATA REDUNDANCY
• PROGRAM / DATA DEPENDENCY
• LACK OF FLEXIBILITY
• POOR SECURITY
Flat File
• LACK OF DATA
SHARING &
AVAILABILITY
*
SEQUENTIAL VS. DIRECT
FILE ORGANIZATION

• SEQUENTIAL: Tape oriented; one file


follows another; follows physical
sequence
• DIRECT: Disk oriented; can be
accessed without regard to physical
sequence
*
FILING METHODS
• INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD (ISAM) :
– EACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEY
– GROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERS
– KEYS IN INDEX
• VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD (VSAM) :
– MEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALS
– DYNAMIC FILE SPACE
VSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONAL
DATABASES
• DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD
*
DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD

• EACH RECORD HAS KEY FIELD


• KEY FIELD FED INTO TRANSFORM
ALGORITHM
• ALGORITHM GENERATES
PHYSICAL STORAGE LOCATION OF
RECORD (RECORD ADDRESS)
*
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

SOFTWARE TO CREATE & MAINTAIN


DATA
ENABLES BUSINESS APPLICATIONS
TO EXTRACT DATA
INDEPENDENT OF SPECIFIC
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
*
DBMS
COMPONENTS OF DBMS:

• DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE:


– Defines data elements in database
• DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:
– Manipulates data for applications
• DATA DICTIONARY:
– Formal definitions of all variables in
database, controls variety of database
contents, data elements
* DBMS
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)

EMERGING STANDARD
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE
FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES
*

DBMS
ELEMENTS OF SQL

• SELECT: List of columns from tables


desired
• FROM: Identifies tables from which
columns will be selected
• WHERE: Includes conditions for
selecting specific rows, conditions
for joining multiple tables
*
DBMS
TWO VIEWS OF DATA

• PHYSICAL VIEW: Where is data physically?


– DRIVE, DISK, SURFACE, TRACK, SECTOR
(BLOCK), RECORD
– TAPE, BLOCK, RECORD NUMBER (KEY)
• LOGICAL VIEW: What data is needed by
application?
– SUCCESSION OF FACTS NEEDED BY
APPLICATION
– NAME, TYPE, LENGTH OF FIELD

*
DBMS
RELATIONAL DATA MODEL

• DATA IN TABLE FORMAT


• RELATION: TABLE
• TUPLE: ROW (RECORD) IN TABLE
• FIELD: COLUMN (ATTRIBUTE) IN TABLE
*
HOURS RATE TOTAL
ABLE $ 40.50 $ 10.35 $ 419.18
BAXTER $ 38.00 $ 8.75 $ 332.50
CHEN $ 42.70 $ 9.25 $ 394.98
DENVER $ 35.90 $ 9.50 $ 341.05
TYPES OR RELATIONS

ONE-TO-ONE: STUDENT ID

CLASS
ONE-TO-MANY:
STUDENT STUDENT STUDENT
A B C
CLASS CLASS
MANY-TO-MANY:
1 2

STUDENT STUDENT STUDENT


A B C
HIERARCHICAL DATA MODEL

ROOT Employer

FIRST Compensation Job Benefits


CHILD Assignments

2nd
Ratings Salary Pension Insurance Health
CHILD
NETWORK DATA MODEL

• VARIATION OF HIERARCHICAL
MODEL
• USEFUL FOR MANY-TO-MANY
RELATIONSHIPS
*
NETWORK NETWORK
1 2

NETWORK NETWORK NETWORK


A B C
OTHER SYSTEMS

• LEGACY SYSTEM: older system


• OBJECT - ORIENTED DBMS: stores
data & procedures as objects
• OBJECT - RELATIONAL DBMS:
hybrid
*
CREATING A DATABASE

• CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
• PHYSICAL DESIGN
*
CREATING A DATABASE
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN:

• ABSTRACT MODEL, BUSINESS


PERSPECTIVE
• HOW WILL DATA BE GROUPED?
• RELATIONSHIPS AMONG
ELEMENTS
• ESTABLISH END-USER
NEEDS
*
CREATING A DATABASE
PHYSICAL DESIGN:

• DETAILED MODEL BY DATABASE


SPECIALISTS
• ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
• NORMALIZATION
• HARDWARE / SOFTWARE
SPECIFIC
*
ELEMENTS OF DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT

DATA DATABASE
ADMINISTRATION TECHNO
LOGY &
MANAGEMENT
DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM

DATA PLANNING
& MODELING
METHODOLOGY USERS
ENTITY- RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

ORDER ORDER: #, DATE, PART #, QUANTITY

CAN
HAVE

1
PART: #, DESCRIPTION, UNIT PRICE,
PART
SUPPLIER #

CAN
HAVE
1

SUPPLIER SUPPLIER: #, NAME,


ADDRESS
NORMALIZATION

PROCESS OF CREATING SMALL


DATA STRUCTURES FROM
COMPLEX GROUPS OF DATA
EXAMPLES:
• ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
• PERSONNEL RECORDS
• PAYROLL
*
DISTRIBUTED DATABASES

• PARTITIONED: remote CPUs


(connected to host) have files unique
to that site, e.g., records on local
customers
• DUPLICATE: each remote CPU has
copies of common files,
e.g., layouts for standard
reports and forms
*
DATABASE ADMINISTRATION

• DEFINES & ORGANIZES DATABASE


STRUCTURE AND CONTENT
• DEVELOPS SECURITY PROCEDURES
• DEVELOPS DATABASE
DOCUMENTATION
• MAINTAINS DBMS
*
DATABASE TRENDS
• MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA
ANALYSIS: 3D (or higher) groupings
to store complex data
• HYPERMEDIA: Nodes contain text,
graphics, sound, video,
programs. organizes
data as nodes.

*
DATABASE TRENDS
• DATA WAREHOUSE: Organization’s
electronic library stores consolidated
current & historic data for
management reporting & analysis
• ON-LINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING
(OLAP): Tools for multi-
dimensional data analysis
*
COMPONENTS OF DATA WAREHOUSE

OPERATIONAL,
HISTORICAL DATA
DATA WAREHOUSE

EXTRACT, DATA
INTERNAL TRANSFORM ACCESS &
ANALYSIS
DATA
SOURCES
QUERIES &
REPORTS
INFORMATION
DIRECTORY OLAP
DATA MINING
EXTERNAL
DATA
SOURCES
DATABASE TRENDS
• DATA MART: Small data warehouse
for special function, e.g.,
Focused marketing based
on customer info
• DATAMINING: Tools for finding
hidden patterns, relation-
ships, for predicting trends
*
DATABASE TRENDS

LINKING DATABASES TO THE WEB:


• WEB USER CONNECTS TO VENDOR
DATABASE
• SPECIAL SOFTWARE CONVERTS
HTML TO SQL
• SQL FINDS DATA, SERVER
CONVERTS RESULT TO
HTML
*
c h a p t e r

7
MANAGING
DATA
RESOURCES

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