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Platyhelminthes Notes

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224 views55 pages

Platyhelminthes Notes

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api-375285021
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms
General Characteristics:
Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Animalia;
Phylum Platyhelminthes
**Bilateral Symmetry
Eumetazoa- Triploblastic
Acoelomate
Sexual reproduction preferred
Asexual reproduction possible
Dorso-ventrally flattened
Heterotrophs
Unsegmented
Developing organ systems
PLATYHELMINTHES

Class Turbellaria
Planarians
Class Trematoda
Schistosomes
Class Cestoda
Tapeworms
Diversity
Over 20,000 species
Classes distinguished by complexity of life cycle
and features of the digestive tract and
reproductive organs
Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial representatives
Some highly parasitic
As bottom dwellers that glide
over the ground
Use cilia and muscular
contractions
Lay down a sheet of mucous
as they travel (like slugs)
Body Description
Triploblastic = 3 Layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Acoelomates – no coelom cavity
Acoelomate Design

Platyhelminthes only have one digestive opening:


a mouth.
Body Systems
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Pharynx: muscular ingestion
organ
 Some digestion takes place
outside the body
 Enzymes secreted on food
particles; helps to break them
down so the pharynx can
swallow them easier.
Digestive System
Excretory System
Protonephredia: fine networks of
tubes that run the length of the
body and collect waste
Flame cells: bulb-like structures
that force waste out of the body
through openings called
nephridiopores.
Excretory System
Nervous System

Simple Organisms: Statocysts that sense


gravity
Complex Organisms: two main nerve
cords with ladder like connections
between
Auricles: perceive chemicals
Ocelli: eyespots; detect light
Ganglia: brain like central nervous system
Nervous System
Reproductive System

Exhibit both sexual and asexual reproduction


Asexual - fission, regeneration

Sexual - contain both male and


female sex organs
Hermaphrodites
Reproductive Strategies
Checkpoint Questions:
Answer in COMPLETE SENTENCES.

1. Which phylum do flatworms belong to?


2. Flatworms are triploblastic. What does that mean?
3. What type of body cavity do they have? Explain.
4. Flatworms are the “first” of many things in the animal
kingdom. What traits do flatworms display that were
not present in Poriferans, Cnidarians, or
Ctenophores?
5. Flatworms have the first excretory system. How does
it work? Use vocabulary/science words.
Class Turbellaria
 Ex: Planarians
 Free-living bottom-
dwellers in aquatic
environments
 few terrestrial species
in the tropics
 3,000+ species
 Eat dead plants and
decaying or slow moving
animals
Planarian Reproduction
Reproduction:
Sexually: each Planaria
gives and
hermaphrodites receives sperm

Asexually: can
regenerate missing
body parts (called
fission)

Detaches its tail


end and each
half regrows the
lost parts What would happen ????
Planarians: body structures
Digestive/excretory system
Mouth: located in center of eyespot ganglion
ganglion
ventral side Gastrovascular
Nerve
cord
cavity

Pharynx: tube like structure


which extends from mouth
during feeding; acts like a
Mouth
straw sucking up food and pharynx

carrying it to body
Food enters mouth and solid
wastes exit mouth
Flame cells
Flame Cells: remove excess
(15:45 into Seas of Life- Planarian
water and nitrogenous clip)
wastes http://shapeoflife.org/video/flatworms-
first-hunter (10:00)
Class Trematoda
Trema = “hole”
Anterior sucker:
endoparasites
Blood & Liver Flukes,
Schistosomes
All PARASITIC
1mm to 6cm in size
Responsible for sickness
& deaths in tropical regions
Trematoda – Complex Life Cycle
Larval stage in one or more hosts

Primary host:
juvenile/larval stage

Secondary Host:
Adult stage
Flukes
Blood fluke life cycle:
 Eggs are released in water
from wastes of infected host
 Hatch in to swimming larvae
in water
 Larvae enter a primary host
(like a snail) where they
develop & mature to
Cercaria stage
 Enter water again and bore
into skin of secondary host
(man)
 From the blood stream they
bore into intestines where
they attach and feed on
blood
Intermediate host
Schistosomes

Blood flukes
200 million people
1 million deaths/year
Enters the skin of human
hosts in water.
Causes rash, fever, chills,
inflammation, liver and
bladder problems.
Schistosome life cycle (video)

Intermediate host
Schistosome:
Cercaria have forked tail
LABEL LIFE CYCLE

Monsters Inside Me (clips 1-3)


Swimmers Itch 29
Clonorchis sinensis 30

Oral sucker

Intestine

Uterus

Yolk gland Ovary


Seminal
recepticle
Testes
Clonorchis sinensis
Chinese liver fluke
50 million people
Cirrhosis of liver
Diarrhea
Edema
Pain

31
32
Fasciola hepatica
Sheep liver fluke
Sheep, cattle and man
 Weight loss
Eat contaminated
vegetation

33
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Life Cycle of the Sheep Liver Fluke


34
Paragonimus westermani
Lung fluke
Carnivores, pigs,
rodents and man
May be fatal

35
https://vimeo.com/65898477
36
37
Class Cestoidea
“cess pool”
Tapeworms
All are endo-parasites of
vertebrates (live in intestines)
NO digestive system
Effects of Tapeworms
Can cause anemia, malnutrition,
weight loss, and secondary infections
Can change behavior of organisms
making them more susceptible to
predators
Tapeworm Structures
Scolex= “head”
hooks and suckers to
aid in attachment to
intestine
gonad
Proglottids: individual
parts of worm-
reproductive
 Each one is detachable
 Each proglottid may
contain up to 100,000
eggs which fall off when
full
 When released, they exit
with the host’s wastes
Tapeworm life cycle
 Cows consume contaminated
vegetation, Eggs hatch in intestines
of intermediate host (pig or cow)
 Young worms burrow out of intestine
into cow’s muscle tissue forming
cysts
 Secondary host (man) eats
undercooked/raw meat containing
worm larvae cysts
 Larvae hatch and mature in
intestines, soak up digested food of
host
 Proglottids mature, eggs released
with feces
 Eggs attach to plant to form cysts
Proglottid 45

Testes
Uterus
Vas deferens
Seminal receptacle
Ovary
Yolk gland
Tapeworm Life cycle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium)


49
Taenia 50

saginata

Cestoda Clips
1 -4 Monsters
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Life Cycle of the Broad Fish Tapeworm


51

Diphyllobothrium
latum

Source: Redrawn From Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA.


Echinococcus granulosus

Parasite of dogs
Host
Juveniles in sheep,
man and other
mammals
Intermediate host
Hydatid cyst

52
Hydatid Cyst
Cysticercus
 Juvenile stage

53
Ecinococcus granulosus
Adult stage in dog
May see coming out of
dog’s anus

54
Checkpoint
1. What are the three classes of flatworms?
2. Which class contains free living species?
3. How do planarians consume food?
4. How are flukes different from
Planarians?
5. How are tapeworms different from
Trematodes?

55

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