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Active Filters 3

This document discusses parameter scaling and sensitivity issues with the Sallen-Key filter configuration. It proposes using component simulation as an alternative design technique, where inductors in a passive filter design are replaced with active generalized impedance converter (GIC) circuits. The GIC can simulate a grounded inductor using two op-amps, allowing the design of higher-order filters without sensitivity problems.

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maithuong85
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43 views

Active Filters 3

This document discusses parameter scaling and sensitivity issues with the Sallen-Key filter configuration. It proposes using component simulation as an alternative design technique, where inductors in a passive filter design are replaced with active generalized impedance converter (GIC) circuits. The GIC can simulate a grounded inductor using two op-amps, allowing the design of higher-order filters without sensitivity problems.

Uploaded by

maithuong85
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Parameter Scaling

 Most filter designs are given in a normalised


form, i.e. for a cut-off frequency of 1 rad/s.
 To transform for an arbitrary frequency, the
component values must be scaled.
Design Example – Low Pass Filter

1
H s   0 
1

1
R 2C1C2 s 2  2 RC2 s  1 2
R C1C2 RC
 02 1 C  C1C2
 2 
s  2 0 s   0  s  2 2s
2
C2
   1   RC2 0 
 0  0 C
Normalised Un-normalised
 0  1 rad/s  0  500 rad/s
  0.38   0.38
R 1  R  10 k
C1  2.6 F 1 1
C  4  200 nF
C2  0.38 F R 0 10  500
C1  C /   200 / 0.38  520 nF
C2  C  200  0.38  76 nF
Sensitivity
 When designing high-order filters (e.g. six or more
poles), damping ratios of individual sections can be
very low.
 The actual damping ratio of the Sallen and Key filter
is sensitive to the open loop gain of the op-amp.
 This sensitivity is especially notable when the cut-off
frequency is high (implying the open loop gain is
low).
 Detailed sensitivity calculations are required to
quantify this effect…(ref. Sedra & Smith)
Sensitivity Example

  0.1, 0  1000 rad/s


10
A0  1000
A0  200
1 A0  100
Gain

0.1

0.01
100 1000 10000
Frequency [rad/s]
Overcoming Sensitivity Problems
 In high order filters, the compounded errors
due to the sensitivity of the Sallen & Key
configuration could be significant.
 Solutions:
 Use better tolerance components.
 Use a different configuration
 Component Simulation
 Operational Simulation
Component Simulation
 Filter design by component simulation can be broken
down into two stages:
 Design a passive LCR network that realises the desired
transfer function.
 Replace all the inductors with equivalent active networks
(impedance convertors).

E.g. Passive
high pass filter
Impedance Convertors
I1 I2

Impedance
V1 Convertor V2

V2  V1
I 2  I 1
Voltage controls voltage. Current controls current.
Conversion works in either direction – bilateral.
Impedance Conversion
I1 I2

Impedance
V1 Convertor ZL V2

V2
I2 
ZL
V1
 I1 
ZL
V1 Z L
Z IN    K  ZL
I1 
Using Impedance Convertors
 The impedance appears to be multiplied by the
convertor circuit.
 Several types of convertor:
 Positive Impedance Convertor (PIC) : K is real and positive.
 Negative Impedance Convertor (NIC) : K is real and
negative.
 Generalised Impedance Convertor (GIC) : K is complex and
may be frequency dependent.
 For example,
 ZL = a resistance, R
 K=j
 ZIN = j R
 i.e. input looks like an inductance.
Generalised Impedance Convertor
Op-amp analysis
rules:
V  V
VOUT  anything

 v1  v3  v5
v2 & v4 are arbitrary.
Consider currents flowing from left to right:

v1  v2
I Z 1  iin   v1  v2  iin Z1
Z1

v2  v3 v2  v1  iin Z1
IZ 2   
Z2 Z2 Z2
v3  v4
IZ3   v3  v4  I Z 3 Z 3
Z3
v4  v5 v4  v3  I Z 3 Z 3
I Z 4  iout   
Z4 Z4 Z4
but, I Z 3  I Z 2
  iin Z1  Z 3 iout Z1Z 3
 iout     
 Z2  Z4 iin Z 2 Z 4
Loaded GIC

Z1 Z 3
IZ5  iin
Z2Z4
VZ 5  vin  I Z 5 Z 5

 Z1 Z 3 
 vin   iin Z5
 Z2Z4 
vin
vin Z1Z 3 Z 5
Z IN  
iin Z2Z4
0V
Simulated Grounded Inductor
Z1 Z 3 Z 5
Z IN 
Z2Z4
R R R

1
R
sC
 sCR 2

The input appears


to be an inductance
of CR2 Henrys.
Five Pole High Pass
Filter Example
Summary
 The Sallen & Key second order filter configuration is
highly sensitive to component tolerances.
 The resulting errors are particularly problematic for
high order filters.
 Component simulation is an alternative filter design
technique.
 It simply replaces inductors in a passive filter by
active equivalent circuits.
 The GIC configuration can simulate a grounded
inductor using two op-amps.

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