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Chap 001

Managerial Economics Presentation

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70 views28 pages

Chap 001

Managerial Economics Presentation

Uploaded by

Kyren Greigg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Managerial Economics &

Business Strategy
Chapter 1
The Fundamentals of
Managerial Economics

McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Michael R. Baye, Managerial
Economics and Business Strategy

Copyright © 2008 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


Overview

I. Introduction
II. The Economics of Effective
Management
◦ Identify Goals and Constraints
◦ Recognize the Role of Profits
◦ Five Forces Model
◦ Understand Incentives
◦ Understand Markets
◦ Recognize the Time Value of Money
◦ Use Marginal Analysis
Managerial Economics

 Manager
◦ A person who directs resources to achieve a
stated goal.
 Economics
◦ The science of making decisions in the
presence of scarce resources.
 Managerial Economics
◦ The study of how to direct scarce resources in
the way that most efficiently achieves a
managerial goal.
The Economics of Effective
Management
An effective manager must
 Identify Goals and Constraints;
 Recognize the Nature and importance of
Profits;
 Understand Incentives;
 Understand Markets;
 Recognize the Time Value of Money;
and
 Use Marginal Analysis
Identify Goals and Constraints

 Sound decision making involves having


well-defined goals.
◦ Leads to making the “right” decisions.
 In striking to achieve a goal, we often
face constraints.
◦ Constraints are an artifact of scarcity.
Economic vs. Accounting
Profits

 Accounting Profits
◦ Total revenue (sales) minus dollar cost of
producing goods or services.
◦ Reported on the firm’s income statement.
 Economic Profits
◦ Total revenue minus total opportunity cost.
Opportunity Cost
 Accounting Costs
◦ The explicit costs of the resources needed to
produce goods or services.
◦ Reported on the firm’s income statement.
 Opportunity Cost
◦ The cost of the explicit and implicit
resources that are foregone when a decision
is made.
 Economic Profits
◦ Total revenue minus total opportunity cost.
Profits as a Signal

 Profits signal to resource holders where


resources are most highly valued by
society.
◦ Resources will flow into industries that are
most highly valued by society.
The Five Forces Framework
Entry Costs
Entry Network Effects
Speed of Adjustment Reputation
Sunk Costs Switching Costs
Economies of Scale Government Restraints

Power of Power of
Input Suppliers Buyers
Supplier Concentration Buyer Concentration
Price/Productivity of Sustainabl Price/Value of Substitute
Alternative Inputs Products or Services
Relationship-Specific e Industry Relationship-Specific
Investments Profits Investments
Supplier Switching Costs Customer Switching Costs
Government Restraints Government Restraints

Industry Rivalry Substitutes & Complements


Concentration Switching Costs Price/Value of Surrogate Products Network Effects
Price, Quantity, Quality, or Timing of Decisions or Services Government
Service Competition Information Price/Value of Complementary Restraints
Degree of Differentiation Government Restraints Products or Services
Understanding Firms’
Incentives
 Incentives play an important role within
the firm.
 Incentives determine:
◦ How resources are utilized.
◦ How hard individuals work.
 Managers must understand the role
incentives play in the organization.
 Constructing proper incentives will
enhance productivity and profitability.
Market Interactions
 Consumer-Producer Rivalry
◦ Consumers attempt to locate low prices,
while producers attempt to charge high
prices.
 Consumer-Consumer Rivalry
◦ Scarcity of goods reduces the negotiating
power of consumers as they compete for the
right to those goods.
Market Interactions

 Producer-Producer Rivalry
◦ Scarcity of consumers causes producers to
compete with one another for the right to
service customers.
 The Role of Government
◦ Disciplines the market process.
The Time Value of Money
 Present value (PV) of a future value
(FV) lump-sum amount to be received
at the end of “n” periods in the future
when the per-period interest rate is “i”:

FV
PV 
1  i  n
Examples:

 Lotto winner choosing


between a single lump-
sum payout of $104
million or $198 million
over 25 years.
 Determining damages in
a patent infringement
case.
Present Value vs. Future Value
 The present value (PV) reflects the
difference between the future value and
the opportunity cost of waiting (OCW).
 Succinctly,
PV = FV – OCW
 If i = 0, note PV = FV.
 As i increases, the higher is the OCW and
the lower the PV.
Present Value of a Series
 Present value of a stream of future
amounts (FVt) received at the end of
each period for “n” periods:
FV1 FV2 FVn
PV    ...
1  i  1
1  i  2
1  i  n

 Equivalently,
n
FVt
PV  
t 1 1  i t
Net Present Value
 Suppose a manager can purchase a
stream of future receipts (FVt) by
spending “C0” dollars today. The NPV of
such a decision is
FV1 FV2 FVn
NPV    ...  C0
1  i  1
1  i  2
1  i  n

Decision Rule:
If NPV < 0: Reject project
NPV > 0: Accept project
Present Value of a Perpetuity
 An asset that perpetually generates a stream of
cash flows (CFi) at the end of each period is called a
perpetuity.
 The present value (PV) of a perpetuity of cash flows
paying the same amount (CF = CF1= CF2= …) at
the end of each period is

CF CF CF
PVPerpetuity     ...
1  i  1  i  1  i 
2 3

CF

i
1-19

Firm Valuation and Profit


Maximization
 The value of a firm equals the present
value of current and future profits (cash
flows). 1 2 
t
PVFirm   0    ...  
1  i  1  i  t
t 1 1  i 
 A common assumption among economist
is that it is the firm’s goal to
maximization profits.
◦ This means the present value of current and future
profits, so the firm is maximizing its value.
1-20

Firm Valuation With Profit


Growth
 If profits grow at a constant rate (g<i)
and current period profits are o, before
and after dividends are:
1 i
PVFirm   0 before current profits have been paid out as dividends;
ig
1 g
Ex  Dividend
PVFirm  0 immediately after current profits are paid out as dividends.
ig

 Provided that g<i.


◦ That is, the growth rate in profits is less than the
interest rate and both remain constant.
Marginal (Incremental)
Analysis

 Control Variable Examples:


◦ Output
◦ Price
 Product Quality
◦ Advertising
◦ R&D
 Basic Managerial Question: How much
of the control variable should be used
to maximize net benefits?
Net Benefits

 Net Benefits = Total Benefits - Total Costs


 Profits = Revenue - Costs
Marginal Benefit (MB)
 Change in total benefits arising from a
change in the control variable, Q:
B
MB 
Q
 Slope (calculus derivative) of the total
benefit curve.
Marginal Cost (MC)

 Change in total costs arising from a


change in the control variable, Q:
C
MC 
Q
 Slope (calculus derivative) of the total
cost curve
Marginal Principle
 To maximize net benefits, the managerial
control variable should be increased up
to the point where MB = MC.
 MB>MCmeans the last unit of the control
variable increased benefits more than it
increased costs.
 MB<MCmeans the last unit of the control
variable increased costs more than it
increased benefits.
The Geometry of Optimization: Total
Benefit and Cost
Total Benefits Costs
& Total Costs
Benefits
Slope =MB

B
Slope = MC
C

Q* Q
The Geometry of Optimization: Net
Benefits

Net Benefits

Maximum net benefits

Slope = MNB

Q* Q
Conclusion

 Make sure you include all costs and


benefits when making decisions
(opportunity cost).
 When decisions span time, make sure
you are comparing apples to apples (PV
analysis).
 Optimal economic decisions are made
at the margin (marginal analysis).

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