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Spread Spectrum: By: Rahat Ullah Associate Professor CS - IT, SUIT Peshawar

This document discusses spread spectrum techniques. It describes how spread spectrum spreads data over a wide bandwidth to make jamming and interception harder. It discusses two main types of spread spectrum: frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). FHSS broadcasts the signal over a seemingly random series of frequencies, while DSSS represents each bit with multiple bits using a spreading code. The document provides examples and diagrams of how FHSS and DSSS systems work at the transmitter and receiver. It also discusses some advantages of spread spectrum techniques, such as immunity to noise and enabling multiple users to share bandwidth.

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Ahsan Jameel
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22 views

Spread Spectrum: By: Rahat Ullah Associate Professor CS - IT, SUIT Peshawar

This document discusses spread spectrum techniques. It describes how spread spectrum spreads data over a wide bandwidth to make jamming and interception harder. It discusses two main types of spread spectrum: frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). FHSS broadcasts the signal over a seemingly random series of frequencies, while DSSS represents each bit with multiple bits using a spreading code. The document provides examples and diagrams of how FHSS and DSSS systems work at the transmitter and receiver. It also discusses some advantages of spread spectrum techniques, such as immunity to noise and enabling multiple users to share bandwidth.

Uploaded by

Ahsan Jameel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spread Spectrum

By: Rahat Ullah


Associate Professor
CS.IT, SUIT Peshawar
Spread Spectrum
• Analog or digital data
• Analog signal
• Spread data over wide bandwidth
• Makes jamming and interception harder
• Frequency hoping
— Signal broadcast over seemingly random series of frequencies
• Direct Sequence
— Each bit is represented by multiple bits in transmitted signal
— Chipping code
Spread Spectrum Concept
• Input fed into channel encoder
— Produces narrow bandwidth analog signal around central
frequency
• Signal modulated using sequence of digits
— Spreading code/sequence
— Typically generated by pseudonoise/pseudorandom number
generator
• Increases bandwidth significantly
— Spreads spectrum
• Receiver uses same sequence to demodulate signal
• Demodulated signal fed into channel decoder
Spread spectrum

6.4
General Model of Spread
Spectrum System
Gains
• Immunity from various noise and multipath
distortion
—Including jamming
• Can hide/encrypt signals
—Only receiver who knows spreading code can retrieve
signal
• Several users can share same higher bandwidth
with little interference
—Cellular telephones
—Code division multiplexing (CDM)
—Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Pseudorandom Numbers
• Generated by algorithm using initial seed
• Deterministic algorithm
—Not actually random
—If algorithm good, results pass reasonable tests of
randomness
• Need to know algorithm and seed to predict
sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum (FHSS)
• Signal broadcast over seemingly random series
of frequencies
• Receiver hops between frequencies in sync with
transmitter
• Eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips
• Jamming on one frequency affects only a few
bits
Basic Operation
• Typically 2k carriers frequencies forming 2k
channels
• Channel spacing corresponds with bandwidth of
input
• Each channel used for fixed interval
—300 ms in IEEE 802.11
—Some number of bits transmitted using some
encoding scheme
• May be fractions of bit (see later)
—Sequence dictated by spreading code
Frequency Hopping Example
Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum System (Transmitter)
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum System (Receiver)
Slow and Fast FHSS
• Frequency shifted every Tc seconds
• Duration of signal element is Ts seconds
• Slow FHSS has Tc  Ts
• Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts
• Generally fast FHSS gives improved performance
in noise (or jamming)
Frequency selection in FHSS
FHSS cycles
Bandwidth sharing
FHSS Performance
Considerations
• Typically large number of frequencies used
—Improved resistance to jamming
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS)
• Each bit represented by multiple bits using spreading
code
• Spreading code spreads signal across wider frequency
band
— In proportion to number of bits used
— 10 bit spreading code spreads signal across 10 times bandwidth
of 1 bit code
• One method:
— Combine input with spreading code using XOR
— Input bit 1 inverts spreading code bit
— Input zero bit doesn’t alter spreading code bit
— Data rate equal to original spreading code
• Performance similar to FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Example
DSSS
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Transmitter
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Transmitter
DSSS Transmitter
DSSS receiver
Approximate
Spectrum of
DSSS Signal

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