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Lecture 1 Introduction

The document discusses internal combustion engines. It begins by defining heat engines and describing different types, including internal and external combustion engines. It then discusses the four stroke cycle of reciprocating engines, including the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. Key terms related to reciprocating engines are defined. The document also briefly discusses two stroke engines and their operation combining intake and compression into one stroke. Thermal efficiency of different engine types and power producing devices is presented.

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Mubashir Hasan
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34 views

Lecture 1 Introduction

The document discusses internal combustion engines. It begins by defining heat engines and describing different types, including internal and external combustion engines. It then discusses the four stroke cycle of reciprocating engines, including the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. Key terms related to reciprocating engines are defined. The document also briefly discusses two stroke engines and their operation combining intake and compression into one stroke. Thermal efficiency of different engine types and power producing devices is presented.

Uploaded by

Mubashir Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internal Combustion

Engine
Introduction
Heat Engine

• Heat engines are devices used to produce net work from a supply of heat by
operating in a cyclic manner.
Heat Engine

Internal External
Combustion Combustion
Engine Engine

Reciprocating
Engine Reciprocating
Turbine Turbine
Engine
Thermal Efficiency

• Performance or efficiency, in general, can be expresses in terms of the


desired output and the required input as

• 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑒 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡


𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

Wnet, out Qout


Net work output th   1
Thermal efficiency  Qin Qin
Total heat input
• The Thermal Efficiencies of Work-Producing Devices:
• Ordinary spark-ignition automobile engine 25 %
• Diesel engines and large gas-turbine plants 35 %
• Steam power plants 40 %
• Large combined gas-steam power plants 50 %
Internal Combustion Engines

• Internal combustion engines produce mechanical power from the chemical


energy contained in the fuel.
Classification
1. Application
2. Working Cycle
3. Air Intake Process
4. Fuel Used
5. Method of Mixture Preparation
6. Method of Ignition
7. Method of Load Control
8. Basic Engine Design
9. Valve or Port Design and Location
10.Combustion Chamber Design
11.Method of Cooling
Important terminologies related to
reciprocating engine
• Top Dead Center (TDC)
• Bottom Dead Center (BDC)
• Clearance Volume (Vc) (The minimum cylinder volume)
• Total Volume (Vt) (The Maximum cylinder volume)
• Swept Volume (Vs) (Difference between Vt & Vc)
• Compression Ratio (Ratio of Vt to Vc)
Four Stroke Cycle

• Strokes = 4
• Crankshaft revolutions = 2
• Power Stroke = 1
Sequence of operation

• Both SI & CI engines use this cycle which comprises


1. INTAKE STROKE
2. COMPRESSION STROKE
3. POWER STROKE
4. EXHAUST STROKE
Intake stroke

• Which starts with the piston at TDC and ends with the piston at BDC, which
draws fresh mixture into the cylinder.to increase the mass inducted, the
inlet valve opens shortly before the stroke starts and closes after it ends.
COMPRESSION STROKE

• Both valves are closed


• Mixture inside the cylinder is compressed to a small fraction of its initial
volume
• Combustion initiated at the end of the compression
• Cylinder pressure increases
POWER STROKE OR EXPANSION
STROKE

• Start with piston at TDC and ends at BDC


• As the high pressure and high temperature gasses push the piston down and
force the crank to rotate
• As the piston approaches BDC the exhaust valve opens to initiate the
exhaust process and drop the cylinder pressure to close to the exhaust
pressure
AN EXHAUST STROKE

• Remaining burned gasses exit the cylinder:


• To obtain a higher power output from a given engine size and a simpler
valve design, the two stroke cycle was developed
Two Stroke Cycle

• Strokes = 2
• Crankshaft revolutions = 1
• Power Stroke = 1
Intake & Compression Stroke

• Starts by closing the inlet and exhaust ports and then compresses the
cylinder contents and draws fresh charge into the crankcase. As the piston
approaches the TDC, combustion is initiated.

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