Scribd
Upload
493 views

Am FM

1) An AM/FM radio receiver uses the superheterodyne principle to convert radio signals of different carrier frequencies to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) for processing using a local oscillator and mixer. 2) The RF filter passes the desired radio station while rejecting adjacent image signals located at frequencies of carrier ± 2*IF. 3) The IF filter further filters the signal and the demodulator then recovers the audio content using AM envelope detection or FM frequency discrimination depending on the modulation type.

Uploaded by

Anonymous 3smLyf6vEw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
493 views

Am FM

1) An AM/FM radio receiver uses the superheterodyne principle to convert radio signals of different carrier frequencies to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) for processing using a local oscillator and mixer. 2) The RF filter passes the desired radio station while rejecting adjacent image signals located at frequencies of carrier ± 2*IF. 3) The IF filter further filters the signal and the demodulator then recovers the audio content using AM envelope detection or FM frequency discrimination depending on the modulation type.

Uploaded by

Anonymous 3smLyf6vEw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

AM/FM Receiver

Communication Systems
• We have studied the basic blocks of any
communication system
– Modulator
– Demodulator
• Modulation Schemes:
– Linear Modulation (DSB, AM, SSB, VSB)
– Angle Modulation (FM, PM)
AM/FM Radio System
• Principles:
– Frequency Spectrum Sharing (many
transmitters using one medium)
– Demodulating desired signal and rejecting other
signals transmitted at the same time
AM/FM Radio System
• The source signal is audio
• Different sources have different spectrum
– Voice (speech)
– Music
– Hybrid signals (music, voice, singing)
AM/FM Radio System
• Different audio sources have different
bandwidth “W”
– Speech- 4kHz
– High quality music- 15kHz
– AM radio limits “baseband” bandwidth W to
5kHz
– FM radio uses “baseband” bandwidth W to
15kHz
AM/FM Radio System
• Radio system should be able to receive any
type of audio source simultaneously.
• Different stations with different sources
transmit signals simultaneously.
• Different listeners tune to different stations
simultaneously.
AM/FM Radio System
• The different radio stations share the frequency
spectrum over the air through AM and FM
modulation.
• Each radio station, within a certain geographical
region, is designated a carrier frequency around
which it has to transmit
• Sharing the AM/FM radio spectrum is achieved
through Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Example of AM Radio Spectrum
• Different radio stations, different source
signals
… …

Fc0 Fc1 Fc2 F

• Carrier spacing- 10kHz (AM)


• Bandwidth (3-5kHz)
AM/FM Radio System
• For AM radio, each station occupies a
maximum bandwidth of 10 kHz
• Carrier spacing is 10 kHz
• For FM radio, each station occupies a
bandwidth of 200 kHz, and therefore the
carrier spacing is 200 kHz
AM/FM Radio System
• Transmission Bandwidth: BT
• BT is the bandwidth occupied by a
message signal in the radio frequency
spectrum
• BT is also the carrier spacing
• AM: BT  2W
• FM: BT  2( D  1)W (Carson’s Rule)
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• Design of AM/FM radio receiver
• The radio receiver has to be cost effective
• Requirements:
– Has to work with both AM and FM signals
– Tune to and amplify desired radio station
– Filter out all other stations
– Demodulator has to work with all radio stations
regardless of carrier frequency
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• For the demodulator to work with any radio
signal, we “convert” the carrier frequency
of any radio signal to
Intermediate Frequency (IF)
• Radio receiver design can be optimized for
that frequency
• IF filter and a demodulator for IF frequency
AM/FM Radio Spectrum
• Recall that AM and FM have different radio
frequency (RF) spectrum ranges:
– AM: 540 kHz – 1600 kHz
– FM: 88 MHz – 108 MHz
• Therefore, two IF frequencies
– AM: 455 kHz
– FM: 10.7 MHz
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• A radio receiver consists of the following:
– A Radio Frequency (RF) section
– An RF-to-IF converter (mixer)
– An Intermediate Frequency (IF) section
– Demodulator
– Audio amplifier
R F Tuner IF Filter Aud io
Dem od ula tor
Amplifier
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• This is known as the “Superheterodyne”
receiver
• Two stages: RF and IF
(filtering and amplification)
• The receiver was designed by Armstrong
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• RF Section
– Tunes to the desired RF frequency, fc
– Includes RF bandpass filter centered around fc

– The bandwidth BRF


– Usually not narrowband, passes the desired
radio station and adjacent stations
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• The minimum bandwidth of RF filter:
BRF  BT

• Passes the desired radio channel, and


adjacent channels
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• RF-IF converter:
– Converts carrier frequencyIF frequency

• How can we convert signals with different


RF frequencies to the same IF frequency?
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• Local oscillator with a center frequency f LO

• f is a function of RF carrier frequency


LO

fLO  fc  fIF

R F Tuner IF Filter Aud io


Dem od ula tor
Amplifier
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• RF-to-IF receiver includes:
– An oscillator with a variable frequency f LO

(varies with RF carrier frequency)


– By tuning to the channel, you are tuning the
local oscillator and RF tunable filter at the same
time.
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• All stations are translated to a fixed carrier
frequency for adequate selectivity.
Fc
X FIF

FLO
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• Two frequencies are generated at the output
of product modulator:
fLO  fc  2 fc  fIF
fLO  fc  fIF

• The higher frequency component is


eliminated through filtering
• We are left with IF frequency
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• One problem with this receiver:
“Image Signal”
• Image signal has a center frequency:
fi  fc  2 fIF
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• If an “image signal” exists at the input of
the “RF-to-IF” converter, then the output of
the converter will include the desired signal
+ image signal
Fc
X FIF

FLO

fLO  fi  ( fc  fIF )  ( fc  2 fIF )  2 fc  3 fIF


fLO  fi  ( fc  fIF )  ( fc  2 fIF )   fIF
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• Example: Incoming carrier frequency
1000 kHz,
• Local oscillator = 1000+455=1455 kHz
• Consider another carrier at 1910 kHz
• If this is passed through the same oscillator,
will have a 1910-1455=455 kHz component
• Therefore, both carriers will be passed
through RF-to-IF converter
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• Therefore, RF filter should be designed to
eliminate image signals
• The frequency difference between a carrier
and its image signal is: 2 fIF
• RF filter doesn’t have to be selective for
adjacent stations, have to be selective for
image signals
• Therefore,
BT  BRF  2 fIF
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• IF filter:
– Center frequency fIF
– Bandwidth approximately same as transmission
bandwidth, BT
– For AM: BT  2W
– For FM: BT  2( D  1)W
AM/FM Radio Receiver
• Depending on the type of the received
signal, the output of “IF filter” is
demodulated using AM or FM
demodulators.
• For AM: envelope detector
• For FM: frequency discriminator

You might also like