ME 111

Engineering Drawing

Geometric Construction-I

1
Bisectors

2
5-1:
Bisecting a Line
1. Draw the straight line AB.
2. With center A and radius more
than half of AB strike an arc above
and below the line.
3. Again with center B and the same
radius strike two additional arc
cutting the other at x and y.
4. A straight line drawn through x
and y is the perpendicular bisector
of the line AB.

3
5-2:
Bisecting an arc

4
5-11:
Angle bisector

5
 Drawing
Perpendiculars

6
 5-3:
Perpendicular to a given line from a
point (P) within it
1. Draw the straight line AB.
2. With center O and radius equal to
OP , strike an arc greater than the
semi-circle cutting AB at C
3. Draw a line joining C and O and
produce it to cut the arc at Q.
4. Join the points P and Q.

7
5-4:
Perpendicular to a given line from an outside
point

8
Drawing Parallel
lines

9
5-6:
Parallel line to a given straight line, passing a
through a given point

10
5-7:
Parallel line at a given distance from a given
straight line

11
Dividing

12
5-8:
Dividing a line in n equal parts

1. Draw the straight line AB.

2. From A draw AD of any length making
any acute angle with AB.
3. With the compass or dividers mark off
AD in to a number of equal divisions,
the number of divisions being equal to
number of parts required on AB, e.g.
seven.
4. Join point 7 to B and from the other
points draw lines parallel to 7B. Then
AB is divided in the required number of
equal parts. Note that point C divides
the line AB in the ratio 4:3.

13
5-10:
Dividing a circle into 12 equal parts
1. Draw the circle of radius R
2. Draw 2 diagonals AB and CD
3. With center A, and radius R draw the
arcs cutting at 2 and 7
4. With center B and radius R draw the
arcs cutting at 3 and 6
5. With center C and radius R draw the
arcs cutting at 1 and 4
6. With center D and radius R draw the
arcs cutting at 5 and 8

14
Drawing arcs

15
5-16:
Draw an Arc of a given radius touching two
straight lines at right angles

1. Let r be the radius of the required arc.

2. Draw two lines at right angles
3. Draw two additional lines parallel and
perpendicular lines at a distance r from
each other.
4. Let these two lines intersect at O which
will be the center for the required arc.

16
5-17:
Draw an Arc of a given radius touching two
straight lines at any angle

17
5-18:
Draw an Arc of a given radius touching
tangentially a straight line and an arc
1. Let r be the radius of the given arc with
center ‘p’ and R the radius of the
required arc. p

2. Draw the given straight line.

3. Draw a line parallel to the given straight
line at distance R.
4. With center ‘p’ and radius (R+r) draw an
arc which cuts the parallel line. This is
the required center of the arc.

18
5-19 (Case I):
Draw an Arc of a given radius touching
tangentially given two arcs excluding them
both
1. Let r and R be the
radii of the given
arcs and O and P
their respective
centers.
2. With center O and
radius (x+r) strike
an arc
3. With center P and
radius (x+R) strike
another arc cutting
the former at C.
Then C is the
required center.

19
5-19 (Case II):
Draw an Arc of a given radius touching
tangentially given two arcs excluding one and
including the other
1. Let r and R be the
radii of the given
arcs and O and P
their respective
centers.
2. With center O
and radius (x+r)
strike an arc
3. With center P and
radius (x-R) strike
another arc
cutting the former
at C. Then C is
the required
center. 20
5-19 (Case III):
Draw an Arc of a given radius touching
tangentially given two arcs including them
both
1. Let r and R be the radii
of the given arcs and O
and P their respective
centers.
2. Let x be the radius of the
required arc.
3. With center O and
radius x-r strike an arc.
4. With center P and radius
x-R strike another arc
intersecting the former
at C. Then C is the
required center.

21
5-21:
draw an arc which passes through three
given points
1. Let A, B and C be the given points.
2. Join points A to B and B to C
3. Draw the perpendicular bisectors of
AB and BC.
4. Let these two bisectors intersect at
‘O’ which is the center for the
required arc.

22
Drawing tangents
A tangent is a line that touches a curve at
a particular point.

23
5-40:
Tangent to a circle from any point P on its
circumference
1. From O draw a line
through point P.

2. With center P and radius

OP draw the semicircle
cutting in the line D.

3. Draw the perpendicular

bisector of OD which will
be the tangent to the
circle at P.

24
5-44:
Common tangent to two equal circles
Case I: External tangent
1. Let O and O1 be
the centers and r
the radius of the
given circles.
2. Join O and O1 and
through O and O1
draw lines PQ and
RS perpendicular
to OO1.
3. Join PR and QS
which will be the
required tangents.

25
5-44:
Common tangent to two equal circles
Case II: Internal tangent
1. Draw the two circles
with centers O and O1
and radius r.
2. Join OO1 and bisect it
at P.
3. Bisect PO at x and
PO1 at y.
4. With center x and
radius Ox draw a circle
cutting the circle O at
S and T.
5. With center y and
radius O1y draw a
circle cutting the circle
center O1 at U and V
6. The lines SV and TU
are the common
internal tangents.
26
5-45:
Common tangent to two unequal circles
Case I: External tangent
1. Let O and O1 be the centers
of the two circles and r and R
their respective radii.
2. Join O and O1 and bisect it at
P.
3. With center P and radius PO
draw the semicircle
4. With center O1 and radius
R - r draw a circle cutting the
semi-circle at Q.
5. From O1 draw the line O1Q
cutting the circle at S. The line
drawn through S at right
angle to O1S is the common
tangent required.

27
5-45:
Common tangent to two unequal circles
Case II: Internal tangent

28
Miscellaneous Exercise

29
30
Polygons

31
 Construct an Inscribed Hexagon to
a Given Circle
Begin with a circle and its center
point(cp)
1. Set the compass point
at any point along the
circle perimeter and
measure the circle
radius with the
compass

32
 Construct an Inscribed Hexagon to
a Given Circle
2. Without adjusting the compass radius or moving the
point, draw an arc intersecting the perimeter of the
circle.

3. Without adjusting the compass radius move the

compass point to the intersection of the arc and
circle and draw a second arc intersecting the circle 33
 Construct an Inscribed Hexagon to
a Given Circle

4. Repeat step 3 until you

have 5 arcs
intersecting the circle
perimeter. These
along with the original
point are the vertices
of the hexagon.

34
 Construct an Inscribed Hexagon to
a Given Circle

5. Connect the vertices

with a straight edge to
create the sides

35
Construct an Inscribed Octagon to
a Given Square
Begin with a square

1. Find the cp of the square by

connecting opposite
corners of the square

36
Construct an Inscribed Octagon to
a Given Square
3. Use the compass to
measure the distance
from one vertices of the
square and the cp

4. Without adjusting the

compass radius, draw arcs
from each vertices
intersecting the adjacent
sides 37
Construct an Inscribed Octagon to
a Given Square
5. Connect intersections of
the arcs and perimeter of
the square

38
Construct an Inscribed Octagon to
a Given Square- Solution

39
40
 To construct a regular polygon,
given the length of its side.
1. Draw a line AB equal to the given
length
2. With center A and radius AB, draw
a semi-circle.
3. Divide the semi-circle into the given
number of sides and number each
division
4. Draw a line joining A with the
second division marked 2
5. With center B and radius AB, draw
an arc cutting line A6 at C. With
center C and the same radius draw
an arc cutting the line A5 at D
6. Find points E and F in the same
manner
7. Draw lines BC, CD etc. and
complete the polygon

41
 To inscribe a regular polygon in a
given circle.
1. With center O, draw a given
circle
2. Draw a diameter AB and divide
it into the number of equal parts
equal to the number of sides of
the polygon. Number each odd
numbered division
3. With centers A and B and radius
AB, draw arcs intersecting each
other at C and D
4. Join C1, C3, C5, and C7 and
extend it up to the circle to
obtain points a, b, c and B.
5. Join D1, D3, D5, and D7 and
extend it up to the circle to
obtain points d, e, f and B.
6. Connect points a-b, b-c, c-B, B-
d, d-e, e-f, and f-a to form the
closed figure heptagon.

42
 Assignment Questions
Construct the geometrical shapes and templates
The following exercise should be constructed with the aid of
compasses and set squares.

• All construction lines to locate radii centers should be shown.

•
• Indicate all points of tangency with a neat cross.

• Dimension all the shapes

43
Assignment Question 1

44
Assignment Question 2

45
Assignment Question 3

46
Assignment Question 4

47
Assignment Question 5

48
Assignment Question 6

49
Assignment Question 7

50
Assignment Question 8

51
Assignment Question 9

52
Assignment Question 10

53