SEMESTER 1

2015/2016
BIOLOGY : SB 016
PN. AMINAWATI BINTI MOHAMAD
MR. CORNELIUS NG WUI LOONG

Biology Unit,
Science Department
Selangor Matriculation College
References

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http://portal.kms.matrik.edu.my/

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Campbell, N.A. & J.B. Reece, Biology
University of California, The Benjamin / Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc.,2005

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•Solomon, E.P., L.R. Berg & D.W. Martin, Biology (8th
ed.), Thomson Learning, Inc.,2002

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Exercise Books

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Example:
•Oxford, Q & A for Matriculation, Biology Semester 1
•TUTORIAL book

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 REMINDER

•PUNCTUALITY !
•Switch OFF / SILENT your handphone!!
•FOCUS during lecture.
•Attendance is COMPULSORY
•BRING BOOKS!!!

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 How to take
lecture notes ??
TIPSSS
 CHAPTER 1
MOLECULES OF LIFE
Chapter Outlines
1.1 Water
1.2 Carbohydrates
1.3 Lipids
1.4 Proteins
1.5 Nucleic Acids
 0BJECTIVES
• At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
– Explain the structure of water molecule.
– Describe the properties of water & its importance:
•Universal solvent and lubrication
•Low viscosity
•High specific heat capacity
•High latent heat of vaporization
•High surface tension
•Maximum density at 4oC
 WATER

STRUCTURE OF WATER MOLECULE PROPERTIES OF WATER MOLECULE

Universal solvent

Low viscosity

High Specific heat

capacity

High Latent heat

High surface tension

Maximum density at 4°C

WATER
•very common compound in
living organisms

- human body is made up

of water in about 75%
of its weight.
 Structure of a water molecule
A water molecule consist of an
–oxygen atom and
H2O
–two hydrogen atoms
–Held by strong covalent bonds

Covalent bond
• The angle between the two hydrogen atoms is
104.5°
The three atoms form a triangle, not a straight line.
The two hydrogen atoms are combined with the
oxygen atom by sharing of electrons
The hydrogen atoms are both on the same side of the molecule, so
the charge is not evenly distributed.
•The WATER molecule is said to be polar (unequal sharing
of electrons)
•The water molecule is electrically neutral,

•but there is a net negative charge on the oxygen atom and

•a net positive charge on both hydrogen atoms.

–Held by strong covalent bonds
• This attraction is called electronegativity
• Oxygen atom is more electronegative than the
hydrogen, so it attract the electron more
strongly.

Covalent bond
Question: Why Is Water a Polar Molecule?
ANSWER:
Water is polar because of the difference in electronegativity
between hydrogen and oxygen.
•a slight negative charge on oxygen atom
•a slight positive charge on hydrogen atoms
The highly electronegative oxygen atom attracts
electrons or negative charge to it, making the region
around the oxygen more negative than the areas around
the two hydrogen atoms.
The polarity of the water molecule attracts
other polar molecules (hydrophilic or water -
loving substances e.g. sugar, salt)
It also repels non-polar molecules
(hydrophobic or water-hating substances
e.g. oil)
•The positively charged
Hydrogen atoms of one
water molecule are
attracted to the
negatively charged

•Oxygen atoms of
nearby water molecules
by forces called
Hydrogen bonds.
•Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds.
•But there are strong enough to hold water molecules
together.

Covalent bond
 REVISION

(a) Draw the structure of a water molecule.

(b) How many maximum numbers of water

molecules that can attach to one water
molecule?

(c) Draw the structure according to the condition

stated in (b)(i). Label the bond involved.
(a)

Covalent
bond
(c)
 WATER

STRUCTURE OF WATER MOLECULE PROPERTIES OF WATER MOLECULE

Universal solvent

Low viscosity

High Specific heat

capacity

High Latent heat

High surface tension

Maximum density at 4°C

Properties of water as vital
constituent of life
Properties of water:
1. Water is a polar molecule act as A Universal
Solvent
2. Low Viscosity of Water
3. High Specific Heat Capacity
4. High Latent Heat of Vaporization
5. High Surface Tension – Cohesive and adhesive
forces.
6. Maximum density at 4° C.
1. Water is a polar molecule act as
a Universal Solvent

•powerful solvent for polar substances.

– ionic substances: Sodium chloride NaCl (Na+ and Cl-),
– non ionic substances: sugar

•Water is an effective solvent because of its ability to form

hydrogen bonds.
When contact with H2O:
~Ion groups are surrounded by H2O molecules
~dissociate the ions from each other
Negative oxygen regions of
polar water molecules are
attracted to sodium cations

Positive hydrogen regions

of water molecules attracted
to chloride anions

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•At the same time, non-polar substances are
repelled by water, as in the case of oil on the
surface of water.

•Non-polar substances are hydrophobic.

Because of its polarity, physiological roles:

•As a medium for reactions to take place.

•Acts as a solvent for transport in the blood of animals, or in

xylem and phloem in plants.

•It ionizes and acts as substrates for photolysis during

photosynthesis and hydrolysis reactions during digestion of
food.

•It interacts with hydrophobic macromolecules such as

proteins, nucleic acids and molecules in the lipoprotein
membrane structure.
 2. Low Viscosity of water

•It has a low viscosity because of its small size and

its molecule can slide over each other easily.

•Its hydrogen bonds are continously form and break

The substance above has lower viscosity than the
substance below
•Acts as lubricant
–Mucus secreted by snail and earthworm to move

– water in the tear lubricates and protects the eyes.

–Helps in movement of food substances

–Lubricating fluids which are mostly water are such as saliva

and amniotic fluid
Its physiological roles of low viscosity are:

•Its enables blood plasma and lymph flow

easily, water in xylem and phloem likewise
flows easily.

•Acts as medium for diffusion

 3. High Specific heat capacity
•A lot of energy is required to raise the temperature of
water.

•This is because, much energy is needed to break the

hydrogen bonds that restrict the movement of
water molecules.
 Specific heat capacity
•A lot of energy is required to raise the
temperature of water.
WHY??
•This property of water is known as its
specific heat capacity.

specific heat capacity of

water is the highest
 •The specific heat
capacity for water is the
amount of heat required
to raise the temperature
of 1 g of water by 1⁰C.
In living organisms,
•enable water to retain its temperature despite of the
changes of its surrounding

•Organisms can maintain a stable body temperature/able to

protect from rapid temperature changes.
4. High Latent heat of vaporization of
water

Latent heat of vaporization is a

measure of the heat energy required to
vaporize liquid state into vapour

Large amount of energy is used to break the

hydrogen bonds that link individual water molecule

This amount of energy known as the latent heat of

vaporization, and for water it is very high.
• Energy needed to turn liquid
water into water vapor

• Evaporation of water cools

body surface

• Helps the cells to preserve

water/moisture
 When body temperature of a person begins to rise…
• -he sweats (covering his body with a film of water)

• -heat energy is transferred from his skin to the

water….therefore, the water will evaporate

• -evaporating just 1 g of water will cools 540g of his

body by 1 ⁰C, so great loss of heat can occur
without much loss of water.
How then do animals that do not sweat prevent
their bodies from overheating during hot days?

Bath or wet themselves with water

 5. Water density
•Water has its maximum density at 4°C.

•At 0°C and below, ice is formed.

•Ice is less dense than water , and floats on top of
water, the surface forming an insulating layer.
As water freezes,
– The ice formed is less dense than the cold water around
it.
– The ice floats on top.
– The floating layer of ice insulates the water below.
•This prevents water from freezing in lower depths.
•Aquatic organism in pond and lake can survive in liquid water
during the winter months
Ice layer at 00C

1o C ice
2o C

3o C

4o C
6. HIGH Surface tension

The polarity of water causes it to be attracted to

other polar molecule

Water adheres strongly to most surfaces and can

be drown up into long columns through narrow
tubes like the xylem vessels of plant stems, without
the water column breaking.
Cohesion
•When the other molecules are also water, the
attraction is referred to as cohesion

Adhesion
• When the other molecules are of different substances,
the attraction is referred to as adhesion
•Water adheres strongly to most surfaces and can
be drown up into long columns through narrow
tubes like the xylem vessels of plant stems,
without breaks the water column.
•The surface tension of water is responsible for the
capillary action that brings water up through the root
system of plants.

•The stronger the bonds between the molecules in the liquid,

the higher the surface tension.
•Because of capillary action, water will ‘climb’
up narrow tubes. The molecules of water are
cohesively attracted to each other.
•Compared with other liquids, water has
extremely strong adhesive and cohesive
properties that prevent the column breaking
under tension.
 •The outermost molecules of water form hydrogen
bonds with water molecules below them. This gives a
very high surface tension to water- higher than that of
any other liquid except mercury. Surface skate.

•The insect’s waxy cuticle

prevents wetting of its body, and
the mass of the insect is not
great enough to break through
the surface.