HIGHWAY

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 Survey Locations at Kaiwara
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H N
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 Highway Project Includes
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 Objects and Advantages

 Data Collection and Future Prediction
 Manpower and Machinery Requirements
 Time of Completion
 Cost of Construction – Source for Funds
 Environmental Impact
 Economic Analysis

A detailed project report (DPR) containing the above facts is

the basic document to APPLY and GET SANCTION from the
competent authorities.
 General
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 Highways/Roads - For safe, comfortable movement

 Type of road – based on number of people/goods
 Road Geometrics – terrain & type of road
 Methods of Classifications of Roads
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The roads are generally classified on the following

basis:
 Traffic Volume

 Load transported or tonnage

 Location and function

In India the roads are classified into following

 Classification of Roads in India
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In India the roads are classified into following five

categories:
 National Highways(NH)

 State Highways(SH)

 Major District Roads(MDR)

 Other District Roads(ODR)

 Village Roads(VR)
 Classification of Urban Roads
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They are classified as:

 Arterial Roads

 Sub-arterial Roads

 Collector streets and

 Local Streets
 Highway Alignment
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The position or the layout of the central line of the

highway on the ground is called the alignment which
includes :
 Horizontal Alignment

 Vertical Alignment

Basic Requirements of an ideal Highway Alignment:

 Short

 Easy

 Safe and

 Economic
 Highway Alignment
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Factors which Control the Highway Alignment may be

listed as:
 Obligatory Points

 Traffic

 Geometric design

 Economics

 Other Considerations

For hill roads additional care has to be given for

stability,Drainage,Geometric Standards of hill roads
and Resisting lengths
 Stages of highway project
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 Reconnaissance
 Selection of good alignment for the highway
 Alignment can be

New alignment or Re-alignment

 Collection of data

Population, Traffic, Topographic, Rainfall, Materials,

financial, etc.
 Stages of highway project
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 FIELD STUDIES

 Alignment and its Design

 Details of centre-line of the alignment (plan, LS, CS)
 Adjacent Ground features – Man-made and Natural
 Details at Cross Drainage works
 Pavement and its Design
 Soil Studies
 Traffic Data
 Rainfall Data
 Stages of highway project
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 SOIL STUDIES

 Characterization of soil along the proposed road

 Design of pavement section (CBR method)

 Design of drainage system

 Construction of embankments/cuts
 Office Work
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 PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS

 Initial & Final Alignments of highway plan

 LS drawing

 CS drawings (fully cutting, fully filling & partial cut and

fill types)
 Fixing formation level (proposed road level) as per IRC
guidelines
 Contour map on Block leveling area
 Office Work-Drawings
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The following drawings are usually prepared in a

highway project:
 Key Map

 Index Map

 Preliminary survey plans

 Detailed plan and longitudinal section

 Detailed cross-section Land acquisition plans

 Drawings of cross drainage and other retaining

structures
 Drawing of road intersections

 Land plans showing quarries

 Actual Field work
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 Tracing C/L of alignment

 Direction of C/L using Total Station

 Recording levels along C/L using Total Station

 Ground features adjacent to C/L

 Block leveling at proposed CD work

 Proposed Highway Project Work
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B
 Preparation of plan of alignment
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 Tracing of Hill Alignment
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 Cross sections
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 Block levels for CD work
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A
 Cross section in hill road
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 Cross Section in Cutting
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 Cross Section in Embankment
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 Highway Design
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 Design of horizontal alignment

 Design of vertical alignment
 Design of pavement thickness
 Design of cross drainage structures
 Design of longitudinal drainage system
 Highway Design
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 Horizontal Alignment includes

 Sight distance consideration

 Horizontal curves (circular, transition)

 Camber & Super-elevation

 Extra widening along horizontal curves

 Set-back distances at horizontal curves

 Highway Design
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 Vertical Alignment includes

 Fixingdesign gradients
 Design of vertical curves (summit & valley)

 Design of CD works
 Office work at the camp
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(one set for the entire batch)
 Centre line plan of the alignment using Total
Station Data

 Plotting of longitudinal and cross sections using

Total Station Data

 Preparation of block levels and interpolation of

contours using Total Station Data
 Office work at college
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 Preparation of individual drawings from the group

sheets

 Calculations of required geometric elements

 Showing the geometric features into the drawings

 Preparation of LS drawing and marking the formation

level and resulting earthwork

 Preparation of CS (3 each for fully in cutting, filling

and partial cut & fill)
 Office work at college
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 Testing of soil sample brought from site for CBR

strength

 Calculation of pavement thickness as per IRC

assuming traffic volume

 Calculation of longitudinal and cross drainage

details and preparation of necessary drawings
 Assumptions for highway design
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 Type of road = Village Road

 Single lane road = 3.75 m wide
 Design speed = 40 kmph
 Ruling gradient = 1 in 20 (hill terrain)
= 1 in 30 (plain terrain)
(flatter grades however preferred)
 Minimum SSD to be provided
 Details of Horizontal Curve
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 Design Calculations
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v2
 Ruling minimum radius, R
 ( emax  0.07 and f max  0.15 ) e  f g
v2
 Super-elevation, e f 
2 gR
 Extra –width = nl 2 V
we  
2 R 9.5 R
 Design Calculations
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 Transition curve length (higher of the following

three)
V3
 i) Ls 
46.5CR

 ii) Ls  eN (W  We ) or eN (W  We )
Ls 
2

 iii) Plain & rolling terrain – 2.7V 2

Ls 
R
hilly terrain - Ls 
V2
R
 Design Calculations
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 
 Set-back distance = m  R  ( R  d ) cos 
2
   S  L    
or m  R  ( R  d ) cos   c
sin  
2 2 2

 Sight distance:
v2
SSD= vt 
2 gf

OSD= (vbt )  (vbT  2s)  (vaT )

 Vertical Valley Curve
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 Vertical Summit Curve
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 Vertical Alignment Design
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 Vertical summit curve for SSD

 NS 2 (if L>S); L  2 S  4.4 (if L<S)
L
4.4 N

 Vertical summit curve for ISD or OSD

NS 2 9.6
 L (if L>S); L  2S  if (L<S)
9.6 N
 Vertical alignment Design
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 Vertical valley curve length

1

i) L  2 Nv 
( for comfort condition)
3 2
 
 C 

NS 2
 ii) L  (for Head light sight
1.5  0.035S 
distance, if L>HLSD)
1.5  0.035S 
 iii) L  2S  N
(for L<HLSD)
 Pavement Design
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 Flexible pavement with 15 years life

 CBR method is adopted

 Soil is tested at selected places for CBR

 Traffic volume
 assumed as per IRC guidelines

 Design Load repetition, Ns  365

(1  r ) n
 AVD
1
r
 Pavement Design
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 Using CBR Chart, for Ns and CBR values,

 Total thickness of pavement is obtained

 Layer thicknesses is also fixed as the IRC provisions.

 Flexible pavement structure
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 IRC design chart for flexible pavement
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 Design for longitudinal drain
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 Discharge through the drain

 Based on catchment area and rainfall data,
a) Hydrologic design:
Q  CiAdwhere, C = runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity
Ad = catchment area
b) Hydraulic design:
Q  Avwhere, A= c/s area of drain
v = velocity of flow
 Design of longitudinal drain
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 Velocity of flow,
2 1
1
v  R S 3 2
n

where, n = constant
R = hydraulic mean radius
S = longitudinal slope of drain
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 Drawings to be prepared at survey
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camp
 Alignment plan of the road-both preliminary and
final.
 Longitudinal Section of the road along the final
alignment to scale of 1:1000 Horizontal and 1:100
vertical.
 Cross sections of the road to the natural scale of
1:100 with proposed road profiles.
 Drawing of proposed cross drainage work and
details with relevant calculations
 Drawings to be prepared at survey
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camp
The final alignment and the gradients should be fixed
keeping the following points in view and the same got
approved by the staff member:
 Avoiding abnormal cuttings and embankments.

 Gradients to be as flat as possible.

 Curves of larger radius to be provided.

 Proper visibility to be maintained both in Horizontal

and vertical curves.
 The alignment should provide only the minimum number
of cross drainage works to maintain economy and also
the crossings should come up at right angles to the
valley.
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 Any Questions ?
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ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR SURVEY

CAMP AT KAIWARA

Thank you