ChE 131: Transport Processes

Outline

1.Class Policies
2.Introduction
3.Review
 Course Assessment

3 Long Exams 60%

Final Exam 20%
3 Machine Problems 15%
Classwork 5%
 Policies to Remember

Submit 12 sheets of colored pad paper at least the

day before an exam.

Get an official excuse slip from the College if you

miss an exam and you have a valid excuse.

No exemptions will be given for the final exam.

 Policies to Remember

Quizzes may be given from time to time. All quizzes

shall be written in bluebooks. No makeup shall be
given to missed quizzes.
 Outline

1.Class Policies
2.Introduction
3.Review
 Transport Phenomena

What exactly are "transport phenomena"?

Transport phenomena are really just a fancy way that
Chemical Engineers group together three areas of study
that have certain ideas in common.
These three areas of study are:
• Fluid mechanics
• Heat transfer Transport processes
• Mass transfer
 Transport Processes

Momentum Transport – transfer of momentum which

occurs in moving media (fluid flow, sedimentation,
mixing, filtration, etc.)

Heat Transport – transfer of energy from one region to

another (drying, evaporation, distillation)

Mass Transport – transfer of mass of various chemical

species from one phase to another distinct phase
(distillation, absorption, adsorption, etc.)
Why Study Transport Phenomena?
Why Study Transport Phenomena?
 Why Study Transport Phenomena?

Chemical
Engineering
Thermodynamics
Transport Materials
Phenomena
Science
PROCESS
EQUIPMENT
DESIGN
Chemical
Reaction Process
Kinetics Economics
 Levels of Analysis

MACROSCOPIC

MICROSCOPIC

MOLECULAR
 Levels of Analysis

Use of macroscopic
MACROSCOPIC balances

Overall assessment
MICROSCOPIC of a system

MOLECULAR
 Levels of Analysis

Small region/volume
MACROSCOPIC element is selected

Use of equations of
change
MICROSCOPIC
Velocity, temperature,
pressure and
MOLECULAR concentration profiles
are determined
 Levels of Analysis

Molecular structure
MACROSCOPIC and intermolecular
forces become
significant
MICROSCOPIC Complex molecules,
extreme T and P,
chemically reacting
MOLECULAR systems
 Review

LET’S REVIEW!!!
 Dimensional Analysis

Check the dimensional consistency of the following

empirical equation for heat transfer between a flowing fluid
and the surface of a sphere:

1
h  2.0kD  0.6D 0.5
G 0.5 0.17 0.33 0.67
cp k
h – heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)
D – diameter of sphere (m)
k – thermal conductivity of fluid (W/m-K)
G – mass velocity of fluid (kg/m2-s)
μ – viscosity (kg/m-s)
cp – heat capacity (J/kg-K)
 Dimensional Analysis

We use the following convention:

Energy unit – E
Mass unit – M
Length unit – L
Time unit – t
Temperature unit – T
 Dimensional Analysis
E /t E
For the heat transfer coefficient:  2
L T L  t T
2

E /t E
For thermal conductivity: 
L T L  t T

For diameter: L

M
For viscosity:
Lt
 Dimensional Analysis
M
For mass velocity: 2
L t
For heat capacity:
E
M T
Combining:
E  E  1 
     
L  t T
2
 L  t  T  L 
 1   M 0.5
 L0.17 0.17
t  E 0.33
 E 0.67

 0.5  0.5  0.17  0.33 0.33  0.67 0.67 
L   L  t  M  M T  L  t  T
0.67

 Dimensional Analysis

E  E  1 
     
L  t T
2
 L  t  T  L 
 1   M 0.5
 L0.17 0.17
t  E 0.33
 E 0.67

 0.5  0.5  0.17  0.33 0.33  0.67 0.67 0.67 
L   L  t  M  M T  L t T 

Simplifying:

E
  2
E

 M 0.5 0.170.33
L 0.170.5 1 0.67
E 0.33  0.67

L t T
2
L t T t 0.5 0.17 0.67
T 
0.33  0.67
 Dimensional Analysis
Simplifying:

E
  2
E

 M 0.5 0.170.33
 L0.170.5 1 0.67
 E 0.33  0.67

L  t T
2
L  t T  t 0.5 0.17 0.67
 T 0.33  0.67

E E E
  2  2
L  t T
2
L  t T L  t T
 Material Balance

An evaporator is fed continuously with 25 metric

tons/h of a solution consisting of 10% NaOH, 10% NaCl,
and 80% H2O. During evaporation, water is boiled off,
and salt precipitates as crystals, which are settled and
removed from the remaining liquor. The concentrated
liquor leaving the evaporator contains 50% NaOH, 2%
NaCl, and 48% H2O.

Calculate the MT of water evaporated per hour, the

MT of salt precipitated per hour, and MT of liquor
produced per hour.
 Material Balance
25 MT/h M (mother liquor)
0.1 NaOH 0.5 NaOH
0.1 NaCl EVAPORATOR 0.02 NaCl
0.8 H2O 0.48 H2O

H (water) C (crystals)
1.0 H2O 1.0 NaCl

NaOH bal: 0.10(25) = 0.5M + 0C + 0H

NaCl bal: 0.10(25) = 0.02M + 1.0C + 0H
H2O bal: 0.80(25) = 0.48M + 0C + 1.0H
 Material Balance
25 MT/h M (mother liquor)
0.1 NaOH 0.5 NaOH
0.1 NaCl EVAPORATOR 0.02 NaCl
0.8 H2O 0.48 H2O

H (water) C (crystals)
1.0 H2O 1.0 NaCl

H = water evaporated per hour = 17.6 MT/h

C = salt precipitated per hour = 2.4 MT/h
M = liquor produced per hour = 5 MT/h
 Material Balance

Dry gas containing 75% air and 25% NH3 vapor enters the
bottom of a cylindrical packed absorption tower that is 2 ft
in diameter. Nozzles in the top of the tower distribute
water over the packing. A solution of NH3 in H2O is drawn
at the bottom of the column, and scrubbed gas leaves the
top. The gas enters at 80°F and 760 mm Hg. It leaves at
60°F and 730 mm Hg. The leaving gas contains, on the
solute-free basis, 1.0% NH3.

If the entering gas flows through the empty bottom of the

column at velocity (upward) of 1.5 ft/s, how many ft3 of
entering gas are treated per hour? How many pounds of
NH3 are absorbed per hour?
 Material Balance
G (scrubbed gas) W (water)
0.01 NH3 1.0 H2O
(solute-free)

SCRUBBER

D (dry gas) S (water + ammonia)

0.75 air x H2O
0.25 NH3 y NH3

Volume of gas entering = velocity  diameter of tower

 ft    2  3600 s  ft 3
=  1.5   2 ft     16964.6
 s  4   1h  h
 Material Balance

Convert solute-free basis percentage to mass fraction:

xNH3
0.01 NH3 , solute-free =
1  xNH3
xNH3  0.0099
xair  0.9901

We now rewrite our diagram:

 Material Balance
G (scrubbed gas) W (water)
0.0099 NH3 1.0 H2O
0.9901 air

SCRUBBER

D (dry gas) S (water + ammonia)

0.75 air x H2O
0.25 NH3 y NH3

Determine the number of moles of dry gas entering

the scrubber. Assuming ideal gas behavior,
 Material Balance
Determine the number of moles of dry gas entering
the scrubber. Assuming ideal gas behavior and a basis
of 1 hour:
 P  V   TSTP 
n2      nSTP
 PSTP  VSTP   T 
 760 mm Hg   16964.6 ft 3   460  32R 
n2       1 lbmol
  460  32R 
3
 760 mm Hg   359 ft
n2  42.35 lbmol
 Material Balance
G (scrubbed gas) W (water)
0.0099 NH3 1.0 H2O
0.9901 air

SCRUBBER

D (dry gas) = 42.35 lbmol S (water + ammonia)

0.75 air x H2O
0.25 NH3 y NH3

Air balance: 0.75(42.35) = 0.9901G

G = amount of dry gas = 32.08 lbmol dry gas
 Material Balance
G (scrubbed gas) W (water)
0.0099 NH3 1.0 H2O
0.9901 air

SCRUBBER

D (dry gas) = 42.35 lbmol S (water + ammonia)

0.75 air x H2O
0.25 NH3 y NH3

NH3 balance: 0.25(42.35) = 0.0099(32.08) + xS

xS = amount of NH3 absorbed = 10.27 lbmol NH3
 Material Balance
G (scrubbed gas) W (water)
0.0099 NH3 1.0 H2O
0.9901 air

SCRUBBER

D (dry gas) = 42.35 lbmol S (water + ammonia)

0.75 air x H2O
0.25 NH3 y NH3

Pounds of NH3 absorbed:

 17 lb NH3  lb NH3
10.27 lb mol NH3    174.58
 lb mol NH3  hr
 Energy Balance

Air is flowing steadily through a horizontal heated

tube. The air enters at 40°F and at a velocity of 50
ft/s. It leaves the tube at 140°F and 75 ft/s. The
average specific heat of air is 0.24 Btu/lb-°F.

How many Btu’s per pound of air are transferred

through the wall of the tube?
 Energy Balance

Energy Balance:
v 2
H   g z  Q  Ws
2

Simplifying:
v 2
cp T  Q
2
 Energy Balance

Energy Balance:
v 2
cp T  Q
2
 Btu 
 0.24  140  40F  
 lbm  F 
 
 752  502 ft 2   1 lbf  Btu 
 2 
ft
 Q
 2 s   32.174 lb   778.2 lbf  ft 
 m 2 
 s 
Btu
Q  24.06
lbm
 Differential Equation

Solve the following differential equation:

dy
 y tan( x)  cos( x)
dx
 Differential Equation

dy
 y tan( x)  cos( x)
dx
This equation follows the form:
dy
 yP ( x)  Q( x)
dx
whose solution is:
y e  
 P ( x ) dx P ( x ) dx
 Q ( x )e dx  C
 Differential Equation

dy
 y tan( x)  cos( x)
dx
sin( x )
 P ( x)dx   tan( x)dx   cos( x) dx

Let u = cos(x), du =  sin(x)dx

sin( x ) 1 1   1 
 cos( x) dx   u du   ln(u)  ln  u   ln  cos( x)   lnsec( x)
 Differential Equation

dy
 y tan( x)  cos( x)
dx
y e  
 P ( x ) dx P ( x ) dx
 Q( x)e dx  C
y  e  ln(sec( x ))  cos( x )eln(sec( x )) dx  C
y  eln(cos( x ))  cos( x ) sec( x )dx  C

y  cos( x )   dx   C
y  x cos( x )  C