Scribd
Upload
61 views

Welding Inspection Technology: Module 6 - Metal Properties and Destructive Testing

This document discusses the mechanical and chemical properties of metals, as well as destructive testing methods. It outlines five categories of mechanical properties - strength, ductility, hardness, toughness, and fatigue strength. It also describes common alloy groups like steel, aluminum, and nickel alloys. Finally, it explains various destructive tests used to evaluate metals, including tensile tests, hardness tests, and fatigue tests.

Uploaded by

rex valencia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
61 views

Welding Inspection Technology: Module 6 - Metal Properties and Destructive Testing

This document discusses the mechanical and chemical properties of metals, as well as destructive testing methods. It outlines five categories of mechanical properties - strength, ductility, hardness, toughness, and fatigue strength. It also describes common alloy groups like steel, aluminum, and nickel alloys. Finally, it explains various destructive tests used to evaluate metals, including tensile tests, hardness tests, and fatigue tests.

Uploaded by

rex valencia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

MODULE 6 – METAL PROPERTIES AND DESTRUCTIVE

TESTING

WELDING INSPECTION
TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

 FIVE CATEGORIES

 STRENGTH
 DUCTILITY
 HARDNESS
 TOUGHNESS
 FATIGUE STRENGTH
STRENGTH

 AS “ THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO WITHSTAND AN APPLIED LOAD


TYPES OF STRENGTH

 TENSILE STRENGTH – THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO RESIST FAILURE


WHEN SUBJECTED TO A TENSILE, OR PULLING
LOAD

 SHEAR STRENGTH
 IMPACT STRENGTH
 FATIGUE STRENGTH
DUCTILITY
 THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO DEFORM, OR STRECH, UNDER THE LOAD
WITHOUT FAILING.

HARDNESS
 THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO RESIST INDENTATION, OR PENETRATION
HARDNESS TEST INDENTERS

 BRINELL
 VICKERS
 KNOOP MACROHARDNESS
 ROCKWELL
TOUGHNESS
 THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO ABSORB ENERGY

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOUGHNESS AND NOTCH TOUGHNESS

 NOTCH TOUGHNESS DIFFERS FROM TOUGHNESS IN THAT IT REFERS TO


MATERIAL’S ENERGY ABSORBING ABILITY WHEN THERE ARE SURFACE
FLAWS PRESENT, WHEREAS TOUGHNESS REFERS TO THE ENERGY
ABSORPTION CAPACITY OF A SMOOTH, UNNOTCHED SAMPLE.

 NOTCH TOUGHNESS FURTHER DIFFERS FROM TOUGHNESS IN THAT


TOUGHNESS USUALLY DEFINES THE MATERIAL’S BEHAVIOR WHEN
LOADED SLOWLY, WHILE THE NOTCH TOUGHNESS VALUES REFLECT
THE ENERGY ABSORPTION WHICH OCCURS AT HIGH RATE OF
LOADING.
FATIGUE STRENGTH

 IS DEFINED AS THAT STRENGTH NECESSARY TO RESIST FAILURE UNDER


REPEATED LOAD APPLICATION
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
STEEL ALLOY GROUPS

 PLAIN CARBON STEELS – THE MOST WIDELY USED STEEL, CONTAINS


PRIMARILY IRON BUT ALSO SMALL AMOUNTS
OF CARBON, MANGANESE, PHOPHORUS,
SULFUR AND SILICON.

 LOW-ALLOY STEELS – CONTAIN MINOR ADDITIONS OF OTHER


ELEMENTS SUCH AS NICKEL, CHROMIUM,
MANGANESE, SILICON, VANADIUM,
COLOUMBIUM, ALUMINUM, MOLYBDENUM AND
BORON.
 LOW ALLOY STEELS – THESE LOW-ALLOY STEELS CAN BE GENERALLY
CLASSIFIED AS HIGH STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY
STRUCTURAL STEELS, AUTOMOTIVE AND MACHINERY
STEELS, STEELS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE SERVICE OR
STEELS FOR ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.

 HIGH ALLOY – STAINLESS STEELS CONTAIN AT LEAST 12% CHROMIUM


AND MANY GRADES ALSO CONTAIN SIGNIFICANT
AMOUNTS OF NICKEL.
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN STEEL
 CARBON – INCREASED AMOUNTS OF CARBON INCREASE HARDNESS
AND TENSILE STRENGTH, AS WELL AS RESPONSE TO HEAT
TREATMENT.
- INCREASED AMOUNT OF CARBON REDUCES WELDABILITY.

 SULFUR – IN AMOUNTS EXCEEDING 0.05% IT TENDS TO CAUSE


BRITTLENESS AND REDUCE WELDABILITY.
- ADDITIONOF 0.10% TO 0.30% WILL TEND TO IMPROVE THE
MACHINABILITY OF A STEEL, BUT REDUCES WELDABILITY.

 PHOSPORUS – IN HARDENED STEELS TENDS TO CAUSE EMBRITTLENESS,


IN LOW-ALLOY HIGH STRENGTH STEELS, PHOSPORUS MAY
BE ADDED TO IMPROVE BOTH STRENGTH AND CORROSION
RESISTANCE.
 SILICON – SILICON DISSOLVES IN IRON AND TENDS TO STRENGTEN
IT.
- USED AS DEOXIDIZER

 MANGANESE – ASSITS IN DEOXIDATION OF THE STEEL


- PREVENTS THE FORMATION OF IRON SULFIDES
INCLUSION
- PROMOTES GREATER STRENGTH BY INCREASING THE
HARDENABILITY OF THE STEEL

 CHROMIUM – IT STRONGLY INCREASE THE HARDENABILITY OF STEEL AND


IT MARKEDLY IMPROVES THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF
ALLOYS IN OXIDIZING MEDIA.
 MOLYBDENUM – IT IS ADDED TO INCREASE THE HARDENABILITY AND
ELEVATED TEMPERATURE STRENGTH.
- IT IS ADDED TO AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS TO
IMPROVE PITTING CORROSION RESISTANCE.

 NICKEL – ADDED TO STEELS TO INCREASE HARDENABILITY.


- NICKEL IS FREQUENTLY USED TO IMPROVE A STEEL’S
TOUGHNESS AT LOW TEMPERATURE.

 ALUMINUM – ADDED TO STEELS IN VERY SMALL AMOUNTS AS A


DEOXIDIZER.

 VANADIUM – ADDITION WILL INCREASE THE HARDENABILITY OF STEEL.


 NIOBIUM – ADDED TO GENERALLY INCREASE THE HARDENABILITY OF
STEEL.
ALLOY GROUPS
 ALUMINUM ALLOYS – ALUMINUM IS VERY DESIRABLE FOR
APPLICATIONS REQUIRING GOOD STRENGTH,
LIGHT WEIGHT, HIGH THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY AND GOOD CORROSION
RESISTANCE.

 NICKEL ALLOYS – HAS EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND


OXIDATION EVEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.

 COPPER ALLOYS – BEST KNOWN FOR ITS HIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY


EXPLAINING WHY IT IS USED EXTENSIVELY FOR
ELECTRICAL APPLICATION.
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS RENDER THE MATERIAL OR PART USELESS FOR
SERVICE ONCE THE TEST HAS BEEN PERFORMED.

 THESE TESTS OFTEN DETERMINE HOW MATERIALS BEHAVE WHEN


LOADED TO FAILURE.
TYPES OF DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

 TENSILE TEST – THE PURPOSE OF THE TENSILE TEST OF A WELDED


SAMPLE IS TO SIMPLY SHOW IF THE WELD ZONE WILL
PERFORM AS WELL AS THE BASE METAL.
METAL PROPERTIES THAT CAN BE DETERMINED AS A RESULT OF TENSILE TEST

 ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH, YIELD STRENGTH, DUCTILITY, PERCENT


ELONGATION, PERCENT REDUCTION OF AREA, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY,
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT, ELASTIC LIMIT, TOUGHNESS
 HARDNESS TEST – TEST DETERMINES THE ABILITY OF A METAL TO
RESIST PENETRATION OR INDENTATION.

 TOUGHNESS TEST – TEST DETERMINES THE ABILITY OF A METAL TO


ABSORB ENERGY.

 SOUNDNESS TEST – THIS GROUP OF TESTS IS DESIGNED TO AID IN THE


DETERMINATION OF THE METAL’S SOUNDNESS, OR
ITS FREEDOM FROM IMPERFECTIONS.
- USED TO DETERMINE IF THE WELD METAL MADE ON
A SPECIMEN CONTAINED ANY IMPERFECTIONS OR
DEFECTS.

 FATIGUE TEST – THIS TEST HELPS THE DESIGNERS TO DETERMINE HOW


WELL A METAL WILL RESIST FAILURE WHEN CYCLICALLY
LOADED IN FATIGUE.

You might also like