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Lessons Learned From Past Notable Disasters Japan: Part 1A: Earthquakes

1) Japan experiences frequent earthquakes due to interactions between tectonic plates such as the Philippine and Eurasian plates. 2) Notable past earthquakes in Japan include the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake, the 1964 Niigata earthquake, the 1995 Great Hanshin (Kobe) earthquake, and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami which killed over 20,000 people. 3) Lessons learned from past disasters include the need for preparedness planning, protection of buildings and infrastructure, and capacity for emergency response and long-term recovery.

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28 views

Lessons Learned From Past Notable Disasters Japan: Part 1A: Earthquakes

1) Japan experiences frequent earthquakes due to interactions between tectonic plates such as the Philippine and Eurasian plates. 2) Notable past earthquakes in Japan include the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake, the 1964 Niigata earthquake, the 1995 Great Hanshin (Kobe) earthquake, and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami which killed over 20,000 people. 3) Lessons learned from past disasters include the need for preparedness planning, protection of buildings and infrastructure, and capacity for emergency response and long-term recovery.

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m&m2004
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© © All Rights Reserved
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM

PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS


JAPAN
PART 1A: EARTHQUAKES

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for


Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE JAPAN’S
COMMUNITIES AT RISK

EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE TYPHOONS

FLOODS
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
BENEFIT/COST FOR LANDSLIDES
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE


THE TECTONIC PLATES
REGIONAL MAP
EARTHQUAKES

EARTHQUAKES OCCUR FREQUENTLY IN


THE JAPAN AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX
INTERACTIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE AND
EURASIAN PLATES
EARTHQUAKE RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
•QUAKE HAZARDS
•BLDG. INVENTORY RISK
•VULNERABILITY UNACCEPTABLE RISK
•LOCATION

GOAL: EARTHQUAKE
Japan’ DISASTER RESILIENCE
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION COMMUNITIES

POLICY OPTIONS

• PREPAREDNESS
HAZARDS: •PROTECTION
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE •EARLY WARNING
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TSUNAMI RUN UP •RECOVERY and
AFTERSHOCKS
RECONSTRUCTION
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
EARTHQUAKES AND PLAN

“DISASTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP


LABORATORIES”

POOR DETAILING AND WEAK


CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
SOME OF JAPAN’S NOTABLE
EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCES

1923
JUNE 16, 1964
JANUARY 17, 1995
MARCH 11, 2011
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NOTABLE
EARTHQUAKES
• PREPAREDNESS
PLANNING FOR
THE INEVITABLE
GROUND
SHAKING IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NOTABLE
EARTHQUAKES
• PROTECTION OF
BUILDINGS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
IS ESSENTIAL
FOR COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL
HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR
INTELLIGENT
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
THE GREAT KANTO
EARTHQUAKE: SEPT 1, 1923

• The Mw7.9 Great Kanto earthquake, the


worst in Japanese history, struck the
Kanto Plain near Tokyo in 1923 and
resulted in the deaths of 140,000
people.
• The fiery conflagration that followed
the earthquake was more deadly than
the earthquake’s ground shaking.
THE NIIGATA EARTHQUAKE:
JUNE 16, 1964

• The M7.5 Niigata earthquake devastated


Niigata, located 50 km south of the epicenter,
mainly as a result of massive soil failure and
tsunami waves.
• Although the quake only left 36 dead or
missing and 385 injured, the material damage
was great: 3,534 houses destroyed, 11,000
houses damaged.
THE GREAT HANSHIN (KOBE)
EARTHQUAKE: JAN. 17, 1995

• The M6.8 Kobe devastated Kobe.


• Ground shaking and fires together
destroyed over 150,000 buildings
and left about 300,000 people
homeless, 6,434 dead, 415,000
injured, and economic losses of
$200 billion
THE TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE:
JAN. 17, 1995

• The M9.0 Tojoku earthquake was


huge, but its ground shaking did
NOT cause the disaster that killed
an estimated 21,000 people …
• The tsunami generated by the
earthquake did!
TOHOKU QUAKE: THE RESULT OF
PLATE TECTONICS
AN OFFSHORE EPICENTER
• It only took seconds for the P-
and S-waves to reach Sendai,
and about 15 minutes for the
tsunami waves, but what a
difference in damage..
THE GROUND SHAKING

• Strong ground shaking lasted 300


seconds (compared with about 10 - 20
seconds for the 1995 Kobe, Japan
quake).
• But, the ground shaking did not cause
the disaster this time; the tsunami did.
TOHOKU: SUMMARY OF
SOCIETAL IMPACTS
• The earthquake ground shaking and the
tsunami wave run up together caused
major damage to 1.2 million buildings.
• Simultaneously, wide spread fires
burned out of control.
• Economic losses were estimated at
$574 billion.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL
HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR
RECOVERY AND
RECONSTRUCTION
IS ESSENTIAL FOR
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
WHAT COULD BE THE NEXT EARTH-
QUAKE DISASTER FOR JAPAN

• A difficult question, but ---


• It is one that was being asked
before the March 11, 2011
TOHOKU earthquake disaster.
LOCATION OF TOKAI
TOKAI EARTHQUAKE
TECTONICS
• The Nankai trough marks
the boundary where the
Philippines tectonic plate is
subducting beneath Japan
(part of the Eurasian plate).
TOKAI EARTHQUAKE
TECTONICS

• The section along Tokai has


not ruptured since 1854.
TOKAI EARTHQUAKE
TECTONICS
• The recurrence interval of
large- magnitude
earthquakes along this
boundary is believed to
be 100-150 years
TOKAI EARTHQUAKE
TECTONICS
• At present, the land near
Shizuoka is sinking toward the
Nankai trough at about 5 mm/yr.
• Japan’s Earthquake Research
Institute is on record that the
Tokai earthquake could happen
anytime.
TOKAI EARTHQUAKE
• Before the March 11, 2011
Tohoku earthquake, the
Government of Japan
expected its next great
earthquake to be “the
Tokai Earthquake.”
TOKAI EARTHQUAKE

• The precise area along the


Pacific coast- about 160 km (100
mi) southwest of Tokyo-- that is
expected to be affected has been
delineated by scientific studies,
• And, by law, this area is the
focus of intensive preparations.
FORECASTS: TOKAI
EARTHQUAKE
• Estimated deaths — between
7,900 and 9,200 depending on
the amount of advance warning
people have, the time of day
when it occurs, and the
tsunami.
FORECASTS: TOKAI
EARTHQUAKE

• Estimated property damage –-


as much as $310 billion.
FORECASTS: TOKAI
EARTHQUAKE
• Landslides -- 6,449 specific
locations
• Structures susceptible to
quake-related fires – 58,402
specific houses
TOKAI EARTHQUAKE
• The Government of Japan has an
“early warning action plan based on
the concept of “pre-slip.”
• Pre-slip is based on laboratory
experiments, which indicate that a rock
slips for a short time before it
ultimately fails and generates a big
quake.
MONITORING: TOKAI
EARTHQUAKE
• The Government of Japan is currently
deploying strain meters throughout the
Tokai area to record the slip in order to
provide as much advance warning as
possible.

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