How Society is Organized

Social relationships and patterns of interactions become

institutions the moment they start being governed by formal and
informal agreements (ex. Written laws, contracts) or by strong
traditional norms.

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The agreements may dictate the concrete forms of arrangements

within the bounds or limit of specific interests and goals.

The word organization does not exclusively refer to types of

association. Rather it pertains to patterns of arrangements
shaped and conditioned by the overarching concerns that they
aim to address.

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Three Forms of Social
Organizational Patterns
 5

1. Social Groups
2. Cultural Institutions
3. Political Organizations

Their unique and complementary natures represent the concerns

of the three social sciences.

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 The Nature of Groups 6

A social group is two or more humans who interact with one

another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a
sense of unity.
A collection of humans that share certain characteristics, interact
with one another, accept expectations and obligations as
members of the group, and share a common identity.

• A social group exhibits some degree of social cohesion and is

more than a simple collection or aggregate of individuals.

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• The social cohesion approach

Social cohesion can be formed through shared interests, values,
representations, ethnic or social background, and kinship ties,
among other factors.

More than a simple collection or aggregate of individuals, such as

people waiting at a bus stop, or people waiting in a line.

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• The social identity approach

Posits that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the

formation of social groups is the awareness that an individual
belongs and is recognized as a member of a group.

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Examples of groups include:

 Families
 Companies
 circles of friends
 Clubs
 local chapters of fraternities and sororities
 local religious congregations

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In the social sciences, a social group is two or more humans who

interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and have
a collective sense of unity.

This is a very broad definition, as it includes groups of all sizes,

from dyads to whole societies.

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A society can be viewed as a large group, though most social

groups are considerably smaller.

Society can also be viewed as people who interact with one

another, sharing similarities pertaining to culture and territorial
boundaries.

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One way of determining if a collection of people can be

considered a group is if individuals who belong to that collection
use the self-referent pronoun "we“.

Using "we" to refer to a collection of people often implies that the

collection thinks of itself as a group.

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13

“
Technical Definition
of a Social Group
 14

It is a social unit consisting of a number of individuals interacting

with each other with respect to:

1. common motives and goals;

2. an accepted division of labor;
3. established status relationships;
4. accepted norms and values with reference to matters
relevant to the group; and

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5. the development of accepted sanctions, such as raise and

punishment, when norms were respected or violated.

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 16

Social Identity Approach

The explanatory profiles of social identity and self-categorization
theories.
The social identity approach posits that the necessary and
sufficient conditions for the formation of social groups is
"awareness of a common category membership" and that a
social group can be "usefully conceptualized as a number of
individuals who have internalized the same social category
membership as a component of their self concept. "

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Stated otherwise, while the social cohesion approach expects

group members to ask "who am I attracted to? " the social
identity perspective expects group members to simply ask
"who am I? “

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 18

Ex. Law Enforcement Officials

A law enforcement official is a social category, not a group.

However, law enforcement officials who all work in the same

station and regularly meet to plan their day and work together
would be considered part of a group.

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Categories of Social Group
 1. Primary Groups 20

A primary group is typically a small social group whose members

share close, personal, enduring relationships.

 Primary groups are marked by concern for one another,

shared activities and culture, and long periods of time spent
together. They are psychologically comforting and quite
influential in developing personal identity.

Ex. Families and close friends

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 The goal of primary groups is actually the relationships

themselves rather than achieving some other purpose.

A primary group is a group in which one exchanges implicit items,

such as love, caring, concern, support, etc.

Examples of these would be family groups, love relationships,

crisis support groups, and church groups.

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 22

Relationships formed in primary groups are often long lasting

and goals in themselves.

They also are often psychologically comforting to the individuals

involved and provide a source of support and encouragement.

Ex. Family

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 2. Secondary Groups 23

Secondary groups can be small or large groups whose

relationships are impersonal and goal oriented; their
relationships are temporary.

 The distinction between primary and secondary groups was

originally proposed by Charles Cooley. He termed them
"secondary" because they generally develop later in life and
are much less likely to be influential on one's identity than
primary groups.

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 Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little

personal knowledge of one another. In contrast to primary
groups, secondary groups don't have the goal of maintaining
and developing the relationships themselves.

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 Secondary groups include groups in which one exchanges

explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for
payments, and such. They also include university classes,
athletic teams, and groups of co-workers.

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Examples of secondary groups include

 vendor-to-client relationships,
 a doctor-to-patient relationship,
 a mechanic,
 an accountant
 employment

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 27

People in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than

in a primary group, and their relationships are generally
temporary rather than long lasting.

Some secondary groups may last for many years, though most
are short term. Such groups also begin and end with very little
significance in the lives of the people involved.

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Functions of Secondary Group

Since secondary groups are established to perform functions,

people's roles are more interchangeable. A secondary group is
one you have chosen to be a part of.

They are based on interests and activities. They are where many
people can meet close friends or people they would just call
acquaintances.

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Ex. Classmates as Secondary Groups

A class of students is generally considered a secondary group.

Primary groups can form within secondary groups as

relationships become more personal and close.

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 3. Reference Groups 30

Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for

evaluating themselves and their own behavior a reference group.

This is a group to which we compare ourselves.

We use reference groups in order to guide our behavior and

attitudes and help us to identify social norms.

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Reference group may also be called as “identity association

group” since its creation is fueled by a person’s desire to provide
a character connection.

Reference group may be classified as in-group or out-group.

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In-groups are social groups to which an individual feels he or she

belongs. One feels loyalty and respect for these groups.

Ex. Fraternity

Out-groups are social groups that an individual does not identify

with. One feels antagonism and contempt for these groups.

Ex. Sports team opponent

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 33

Groups and how they behave are not necessarily categorized in

terms of membership.

They may be categorized in terms of how an individual is linked

to any actual or imagined group, as in the networks defined as
sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each
other.

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A network may not be a physical group or group that is populated

by actual people.
It is formed by the presence of social linkage invoked and availed
by an individual for some personal, economic, religious or
political reasons.

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 35

Groups may influence their members in a variety of ways, from

their thinking to their actual behavior. Violent and biases.

Ex. ISIS or terrorist network

Groupthink happens wherein members of a group ignore ways of

thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus.

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Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a

group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in
the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-
making outcome.

It is a psychological influence exerted over us by our respective

groups on moral, legal, scientific and religious matters.

It may affect the relationships of groups with each other.

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 37

Group PERFORMANCE TASK

Answer page 144. My Group as a Mirror of Myself