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Non Disjunction

Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to properly separate during cell division. It was discovered in 1910 and is a common chromosomal abnormality in humans. Nondisjunction can happen during meiosis I, meiosis II, or mitosis, resulting in gametes or somatic cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). This can cause conditions like Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. Nondisjunction may lead to monosomy (missing a chromosome) or trisomy (extra chromosome).

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140 views

Non Disjunction

Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to properly separate during cell division. It was discovered in 1910 and is a common chromosomal abnormality in humans. Nondisjunction can happen during meiosis I, meiosis II, or mitosis, resulting in gametes or somatic cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). This can cause conditions like Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. Nondisjunction may lead to monosomy (missing a chromosome) or trisomy (extra chromosome).

Uploaded by

Khan Sadiya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NonDisjunction

Dr.Geetha Unnikrishnan
NonDisjunction
• Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister
chromatids to separate during cell division
• Calvin Bridges and Thomas Hunt Morgan
discovered the process of nondisjunction in
dividing cells in the year 1910. This is one of
the most common forms of chromosomal
aberration that occurs in humans.
NonDisjunction
• Almost all cells in the bodies of higher eukaryotic
animals contain two sets of chromosomes―one
that is inherited by the mother, and the other is of
paternal origin. Such cells are termed as diploid cells
(denoted as 2n).
• The sex cells, or gametes, are usually haploid in
nature. They arise when the diploid cells of the
germinal epithelium undergo reduction division,
i.e., meiosis. The male haploid gamete fertilizes the
female haploid gamete to give rise to a diploid
zygote. This zygote may undergo several rounds of
mitotic divisions to give rise to a new individual.
NonDisjunction
• Cells usually double their number of
chromosomes in the S phase―before undergoing
a round of cell division (either meiosis or mitosis).
During cell division, there is either separation of
the homologous chromosomes (pair of
chromosomes derived from each parent) or the
sister chromatids (identical copy of the
chromosomes generated in the S phase) into
newly formed daughter cells and is known as
disjunction of chromosomes.
Nondisjunction
• Nondisjunction can be defined as a state in which
the chromosomes fail to separate from each
other during cell division. This gives rise to cells
with abnormal number of chromosomes, and this
condition of the cells is known as aneuploidy.
• Types of Nondisjunction
• Depending on the stage in which nondisjunction
has occurred, it can be classified into three types.

■ Nondisjunction in meiosis I
■ Nondisjunction in meiosis II
■ Nondisjunction in mitosis
Nondisjunction in meiosis I
• In this process, the separation of homologous
chromosomes in anaphase I of meiosis doesn't
take place.
• This results in two daughter cells carrying an
extra chromosome (n + 1), and two daughter
cells with one less chromosome (n - 1).
• The effects of nondisjunction in meiosis I are
more far-reaching than that in meiosis II.
• This is because all four gametes that arise have
altered number of chromosomes.
Nondisjunction in Meiosis II
• In this process, separation of sister chromatids in
anaphase II fails, resulting in an uneven distribution
of the chromatids into the newly formed daughter
cells.
• If this type of nondisjunction takes place, two cells
have normal number of chromosomes (n), whereas
in two cells, the number of chromosome has
increased by one (n + 1).
• There is a good chance that this aneuploidy might
go unnoticed in females as only one of the newly
formed daughter cells develops into an ovum.
Nondisjunction in Mitosis
• In mitosis, there is a separation of sister
chromatids into newly formed daughter cells.
When nondisjunction occurs, the sister
chromatids fail to separate from each other in
the anaphase and results in aneuploidy of
cells―(2n + 1) in some and (2n - 1) in others.
• This is also known as the chromatin or the
anaphase bridge. This may lead to mosaicism
(a condition some cells are normal while other
show aneuploidy) of somatic cells in an
individual.
Effects of Nondisjunction
• Nondisjunction can lead to the loss of a
chromosome and give rise to a condition
known as monosomy, denoted as (n - 1) or (2n
- 1). It can also lead to the addition of a
chromosome and is known as trisomy,
denoted as (n + 1) or (2n + 1).
• These abnormalities can give rise to a number
of conditions like, Turner Syndrome, Down
Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome etc
NON- DISJUNCTION DURING MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS
CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS

• Numerical abnormalities can occur with either


the autosomes or the sex chromosomes.
• Monosomy is the absence of a chromosomal
region or entire chromosome resulting in only
one copy of the genetic material.
• Trisomy is the presence of an extra chromosomal
region or entire chromosome, resulting in three
copies of the genetic material.

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