Warm welcome to everybody

Basic Mechanical
Engineering
ME-204
By:
Engr. Farhan Hanif
• Course
• Basic Mechanical Engineering

• Lecture Timings:
• Theory:
• Wednesday 09:40-11:10
• Friday 11:30-12:50
• Practical:
• Nil

• Lecturer:
• Engr. Farhan Hanif
• [email protected]
• Lecture 1 2
+92-346-7148083
• Grads:
• Theoretical = 100 Marks
• Class Performance 20
• Midterm exam 30
• Final exam 50

• Course Materials
• Lecture notes
• Power points slides
• Handout sheets
• Textbooks (Statics)
• Engineering Mechanics (Statics) by J.L. Merian
• Vector Mechanics for Engineers by Beer and Johnston Lecture 1 3

• Engineering Mechanics (Statics) by R.C. Hibbler

 Mechanical
Engineering

Thermal Manufacturing
Power & Design

Lecture 1 4
 Basic
Mechanical
Engineering

Engineering Mechanics of Mechanics of

Statics Materials Machines

Lecture 1 5
 Introduction to Mechanics
 What is mechanics?
Physical science deals with the
state of rest or motion of bodies
under the action of force
Mechanics

 Why we study mechanics?

Statics Dynamics
This science form the
groundwork for further study in
the design and analysis of Kinematics
structures
Kinatics

Lecture 1 6
 Basic Terms
• Essential basic terms to be understood
• Statics: dealing with the equilibrium of a rigid-body at rest
• Rigid body: the relative movement between its parts are negligible
• Dynamics: dealing with a rigid-body in motion
• Length: applied to the linear dimension of a strait line or curved line
• Area: the two dimensional size of shape or surface
• Volume: the three dimensional size of the space occupied by substance
• Force: the action of one body on another whether it’s a push or a pull force
• Mass: the amount of matter in a body
• Weight: the force with which a body is attracted toward the centre of the
Earth
• Particle: a body of negligible dimension Lecture 1 7
 Units of Measurement
• Four fundamental quantities in mechanics
• Mass
• Length
• Time
• Force
• Two different systems of units we dealing with during the course
• U.S. Customary or British System of Units (FPS)
• Length in feet (ft)
• Time in Seconds (s)
• Force in Pounds (lb)
• International System of Units or Metric Units (SI)
• Length in metre (m)
• Time in Seconds (s)
• Force in Newton (N)

Lecture 1 8
 Units of Measurement

•Summery of the four fundamental quantities in the two system

SI Units US Units
Quantity
Unit Symbol Unit Symbol

Mass kilogram kg slug -

Length meter m foot ft

Time second s second sec

Force newton N pound lb

Lecture 1 9
 Units of Measurement
• Metric System (SI)
• SI System offers major advantages relative to the FPS system
• Widely used throughout the world
• Use one basic unit for length  meter; while FPS uses many basic units  inch,
foot, yard, mile
• SI based on multiples of 10, which makes it easier to use & learn whereas FPS is
complicated, for example
• SI system 1 meter = 100 centimeters, 1 kilometer = 1000 meters, etc
• FPS system 1 foot = 12 inches, 1 yard = 3 feet, 1 mile = 5280 feet, etc
• Metric System (SI)
• Newton’s second law F = m.a
• Thus the force (N) = mass (kg)  acceleration (m/s2)
• Therefore 1 Newton is the force required to give a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1
m/s2
Lecture 1 10
 Units of Measurement
• U.S. Customary System (FPS)
• Force (lb) = mass (slugs)  acceleration (ft/sec2 )
• Thus (slugs) = lb.sec2/ft
• Therefore 1 slug is the mass which is given an acceleration of 1 ft/sec2 when acted upon by a
force of 1 lb
• Conversion of Units
• Converting from one system of unit to another;

Quantity FPS Equals SI

Force 1 lb 4.448 N
Mass 1 slug 14.593 kg
Length 1 ft 0.304 m
• The standard value of g (gravitational acceleration)
• SI units g = 9.806 m/s2
• FPS units g = 32.174 ft/sec2 Lecture 1 11
 PARTICLE

A particle has a mass but a size that can be neglected.

When a body is idealised as a particle, the principles of mechanics
reduce to a simplified form, since the geometry of the body will not be
concerned in the analysis of the problem.
• All the forces acting on a body will be assumed to be applied at the
same point, that is the forces are assumed concurrent.

Lecture 1 12
 FORCE ON A PARTICLE

• A Force is a Vector quantity and must have Magnitude, Direction and

Point of action.
F


P

Note: Point P is the point of action of force and  and are

directions. To notify that F is a vector, it is printed in bold as in 13
Lecture 1
the text book.
Its magnitude is denoted as |F| or simply F.
Resultant of Two Forces
• force: action of one body on another;
characterized by its point of application,
magnitude, line of action, and sense.

• Experimental evidence shows that the

combined effect of two forces may be
represented by a single resultant force.

• The resultant is equivalent to the diagonal of

a parallelogram which contains the two
forces in adjacent legs.

• Force is a vector quantity.

Lecture 1 14
Lecture 1 15
 A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. It is
represented by an arrow. The length of the vector represents the
magnitude and the arrow indicates the direction of the vector.

Blue and orange Blue and purple vectors Blue and green vectors
vectors have same have same magnitude have same direction but
magnitude but different and direction so they different magnitude.
direction. are equal.

Two vectors are equal if they have the same direction and magnitude (length).

Lecture 1 16
 How can we find the magnitude if we have the
Q
initial point and the terminal point?
x2 , y2 
The distance formula
Terminal Point

Initial Point

x1 , y1 
P
How can we find the direction? (Is this all looking familiar for each
application? You can make a right triangle and use trig to get the angle!)
Lecture 1 17
Although it is possible to do this for any initial and
Q
terminal points, since vectors are equal as long as
the direction and magnitude are the same, it is xx, 2
2 , yy
easiest to find a vector with initial point at the
origin and terminal point (x, y). Terminal Point

A vector whose
initial point is the
origin is called a
position vector

Initial Point

0x1,, 0y1
P If we subtract the initial point from the terminal
point, we will have an equivalent vector with initial
point at the origin.
Lecture 1 18
To
Toadd
addvectors,
vectors,we
weputputthe
theinitial
initialpoint
pointof
ofthe
thesecond
secondvector
vectorononthethe
terminal
terminalpoint
pointofofthe
thefirst
firstvector.
vector. The
Theresultant
resultantvector
vectorhas
hasananinitial
initialpoint
point
at
atthe
theinitial
initialpoint
pointof
ofthe
thefirst
firstvector
vectorand
andaaterminal
terminalpoint
pointat
atthe
theterminal
terminal
point
point of the second vector (see below--better shown than put inwords).
of the second vector (see below--better shown than put in words).

Terminal point of
w

vw w
w

Initial point of v
v Move w over keeping the
magnitude and direction the Lecture 1 19

same.
 The negative of a vector is just a vector going the opposite way.

v

v
A number multiplied in front of a vector is called a scalar. It means to take the
vector and add together that many times.

3v v
v Lecture 1 20

v
 Using the vectors shown, find the
v following:
w
u uv u
v
 3w
w uv
w
w u
v

2u  3w  v v
u w
w
u w
Lecture 1 21
 This is the notation for a position
Vectors are denoted with bold letters vector. This means the point (a, b) is
the terminal point and the initial point

a is the origin.

v   
a b
v     ai  bj
 
b We use vectors that are only 1 unit long to
build position vectors. i is a vector 1 unit
long in the x direction and j is a vector 1 unit
(a, b)
long in the y direction.

j
i (3, 2)

j
 3 j
v    i i i v  3i  2 j
 2
Lecture 1 22
 If we want to add vectors that are in the form ai + bj, we can just add the i
components and then the j components.

v  2 i  5 j w  3i  4 j
v  w   2i  5 j  3i  4 j  i  j
When we want to know the
magnitude of the vector
(remember this is the length) we
Let's look at this geometrically: denote it

Can you see 3i

from this picture
how to find the
length of v?
w  4j v   2  5
2 2

5j
v
j  29 Lecture 1 23

 2i i
 A unit vector is a vector with magnitude 1.

If we want to find the unit vector having the same direction as a given vector,
we find the magnitude of the vector and divide the vector by that value.

w  3i  4 j What is w ?

3   4  25  5
2 2
w 
If we want to find the unit vector having the same direction as w we need to
divide w by 5.

3 4 Let's check this to see if it really is

u i j 1 unit long.

5 5 3  4 25
2 2

u       1 Lecture 1 24

5  5 25
If we know the magnitude and direction of the vector, let's see if we can
express the vector in ai + bj form.

v  5,   150
As usual we can use the trig we know
to find the length in the horizontal
direction and in the vertical direction.

5
150
v  v  cos  i  sin  j

v  5cos 150i  sin 150 j  

5 3 5
i j Lecture 1 25

2 2
 Vectors
• Vector: parameters possessing magnitude and direction which add according to
the parallelogram law. Examples: displacements, velocities, accelerations.

• Scalar: parameters possessing magnitude but not direction. Examples: mass,

volume, temperature
• Vector classifications:
- Fixed or bound vectors have well defined points of application that cannot be
changed without affecting
an analysis.
- Free vectors may be freely moved in space without changing their effect on
an analysis.
- Sliding vectors may be applied anywhere along their line of action without
affecting an analysis.

Lecture 1 26
 Addition of Vectors
• Trapezoid rule for vector addition

• Triangle rule for vector addition

• Law of cosines,
C
B R 2  P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos B
  
C
R  PQ

• Law of sines,
sin A sin B sin C
 
B Q R A

• Vector addition is commutative,

   
PQ  Q P

• Vector subtraction Lecture 1 27

Addition of Vectors

• Addition of three or more vectors through

repeated application of the triangle rule

• The polygon rule for the addition of three or

more vectors.
• Vector addition is associative,
        
P  Q  S  P  Q   S  P  Q  S 

• Multiplication of a vector by a scalar

Lecture 1 28
Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces
• Concurrent forces: set of forces which all
pass through the same point.

A set of concurrent forces applied to a

particle may be replaced by a single
resultant force which is the vector sum of the
applied forces.

• Vector force components: two or more force

vectors which, together, have the same effect
as a single force vector.

Lecture 1 29
Newton's Laws

Lecture 1 30
Law of Gravitation

Lecture 1 31
Small Angle Approximations

Lecture 1 32
Lecture 1 33