Design Procedure
Design Procedure
DESIGN
ELEMENTS
It is defined as the angle of
intersection of two or more roadway
from the centerline joining an
intersection.
Rural
15.24 m minimum 7.62m. minimum for minor
cross
Urban
4.57 m minimum, 2ft desirable on local
• Crash experience
– Five (5) or more reported
crashes, of types
susceptible to correction by
a traffic control signal, have
occurred within a 12-
month period, each crash
involving personal injury or
property damage.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Recommend an appropriate traffic
560
control for the intersection of MNR
and Bacarra Avenue.
320
BACARRA AVENUE 100
200
120
MANILA NORTH
NB + SB = 560 + 550 = 1,110
550
ROAD
EB + WB = 300
Check Warrant 1:
CONCLUSION:
- Warranted for traffic
signal control
Check Warrant 4 :
A Free flow
C Stable flow
Approaching unstable
D
flow
E Unstable flow
Forced or breakdown
F
flow
Design Volume
• Directional Design Hourly Volume (DDHV)
– Used for multi-lane highways
𝑫𝑫𝑯𝑽 = 𝑨𝑨𝑫𝑻 × 𝑲 × 𝑫
• Where
– AADT = Average annual daily traffic, veh/hr
– K = proportion of daily traffic occurring during
the peak hour, expressed as a decimal (7% to
15%)
– D = proportion of the peak traffic traveling in the
peak direction
Passenger Car Equivalent Factors
(PCEF)
No. Vehicle Type PCEF
• Flow Ratio
Design Traffic Flow𝑖
𝐹𝑅𝑖 =
Saturation Flow Rate𝑖
– Demand intensity in any lane group
• A flow ratio > 1.0 indicates traffic demand exceeding capacity, therefore,
traffic flow cannot be handled properly.
• Saturation flow is typically assumed to be 1,900 passenger cars per hour
per lane.
Degree of Saturation (HCM, 2000)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Design the Northbound Leg of the
intersection given the following
turning volumes in pcu. Assume
saturation flow rate to be 1,900
pc/hr/lane.
1,350
1st AVENUE
250
2nd AVENUE
1st AVENUE
1.05
0.13
2nd AVENUE 0.34
1st AVENUE
0.36
0.49
Proposal # 1
2nd AVENUE
0.13
0.70
0.36
1st AVENUE
Proposal # 2
2nd AVENUE 0.34
0.13
1st AVENUE
0.36
Proposal # 3
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Design the intersection given the
2,850
following vehicular volumes per
leg in pcu. Assume saturation
flow rate to be 1,900 pc/hr/lane.
1,050
1st AVENUE
2,550
0.73
2nd AVENUE 0.42
0.27
0.65
𝐃𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓
0.50
0.29
2nd AVENUE
0.18
𝐃𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗
0.47
1st
Basic Operational Principles
• Lost time
– The portion of time at the beginning of each green period and a portion of
each yellow change plus red clearance period that is not usable by
vehicles
– Clearance lost time (All-red time)
The time, in seconds, between signal phases during which an intersection
is not used by any critical movements.
– Start-up lost time
The additional time, in seconds, consumed by the first few vehicles in a
queue at a signalized intersection above and beyond the saturation
headway due to the need to react to the initiation of the green phase and
to accelerate to a steady flow condition.
– The HCM defines a default value of 4 seconds per phase for total lost time
(the sum of start-up lost time and clearance lost time)
Basic Operational Principles
𝟏. 𝟓𝑳 + 𝟓
𝑪𝒐 =
𝟏 − σ∅𝒊=𝟏 𝒀𝒊
𝒗 𝒗𝒊 𝒗𝒊 𝑪
= 𝑿𝒊 = 𝒈𝒊 =
𝒄 𝒊 𝒔𝒊 × 𝒔𝒊 𝒈 𝒊
𝑪
• Where Xi = v/c ratio for lane group or approach I
vi = actual flow rate for lane group or approach i
si = saturation flow for lane group or approach I
gi = effective green time for lane group i or approach i
• HCM Method (whole intersection)
𝑪
𝑿𝒄 = (𝒗/𝒔)𝒄𝒊
𝑪−𝑳
𝒊
𝒚𝒊
𝒈𝒊 = × 𝑪𝒐 − 𝑳
𝒀
Where yi = known as the flow ratio, the ratio of approach flow to
saturation flow for each movement i
Sample Problem!
Volume,
Phase Approach No. of lanes SFR, pcu/hr y-value Y-value
pcu/hr
WB 2 1,650 3800 0.43
1 0.43
EB 2 1,050 3800 0.28
NB 2 1,250 3800 0.33
2 0.41
SB 2 1,550 3800 0.41
Solution:
Volume,
Phase Approach No. of lanes SFR, pcu/hr y-value Y-value
pcu/hr
WB 2 1,650 3800 0.43
1 0.43
EB 2 1,050 3800 0.28
NB 2 1,250 3800 0.33
2 0.41
SB 2 1,550 3800 0.41
Flow Ratio
• Demand intensity in any lane group
• A flow ratio > 1.0 indicates traffic demand exceeding capacity, therefore,
traffic flow cannot be handled properly.
• For traffic signal operations to work effectively,
𝒀 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎
1.5𝐿 + 5
𝐶𝑜 =
1 − σ∅𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖
1.5𝐿 + 5 1.5 × 8 + 5 17
𝐶𝑜 = ∅
= =
1 − σ𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖 1 − 0.84 0.16
𝒈𝟏 = 𝟓𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜
For phase 2:
𝑦2 0.41
𝑔2 = ×𝑔= × 102 = 49.79
𝑌 0.84
𝒈𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎 𝐬𝐞𝐜
Or simply
𝑔2 = 102 − 52 = 50 sec
Signal Timing Diagram
G1 = 51 s R1 = 56 s
R2 = 48 s G2 = 49 s
Solution:
• Intersection degree of saturation
𝐶𝑌 110 × 0.84
𝑋= =
𝐶−𝐿 110 − 8
𝑿 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏