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Seminar On Non-Destructive Testing: Submitted To: Submitted by

This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT), which refers to analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate materials and components without damaging them. It outlines several common NDT methods like liquid penetrant testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiography. Liquid penetrant testing uses liquid penetrants and developers to find surface-breaking flaws. Ultrasonic testing uses reflected sound waves to detect internal flaws, while radiography uses x-rays or gamma rays to create images of internal flaws. The document explains the principles, applications, advantages, and limitations of these key NDT methods.

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Mahesh Tamboli
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156 views25 pages

Seminar On Non-Destructive Testing: Submitted To: Submitted by

This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT), which refers to analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate materials and components without damaging them. It outlines several common NDT methods like liquid penetrant testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiography. Liquid penetrant testing uses liquid penetrants and developers to find surface-breaking flaws. Ultrasonic testing uses reflected sound waves to detect internal flaws, while radiography uses x-rays or gamma rays to create images of internal flaws. The document explains the principles, applications, advantages, and limitations of these key NDT methods.

Uploaded by

Mahesh Tamboli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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www.studymafia.

org
Seminar
On
   Non-Destructive               
       Testing
 
Submitted To: Submitted By:
www.studymafia.org www.studymafia.org
Content
 Introduction
 What is NDT
 Applications
 Objectives
 Types
 liquid penetrant method
 Advantages
 Ultrasonic flaw detection
 Radiography
 References
Introduction

 Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis


techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the
properties of a material, component or system without
causing damage.
 The terms Nondestructive examination (NDE),
Nondestructive inspection (NDI), and Nondestructive
evaluation (NDE) are also commonly used to describe this
technology.
What is NDT?

• NDT stands for non-destructive testing.


• In other words it is a way of testing without
destroying.
• This means that the component- the casting, weld
or forging, can continue to be used and that the
non destructive testing method has done no harm.
Common Application of NDT

 Inspection of Raw Products


 Inspection Following Secondary Processing
 In-Services Damage Inspection
Objectives

 to avoid failures, prevent accidents and save human life;


 to make a profit for the user;
 to ensure customer satisfaction and maintain the
manufacturer's reputation;
 to aid in better product design;
 to control manufacturing processes;
 to lower manufacturing costs
Types

 Visual Inspection
 Liquid penetrant method
 Ultrasonic Inspection
 Radiography methods
 X-ray radiography & fluoroscopy
 γ- ray radiography
 Eddy current testing
 Magnetic particle testing
 Thermography
LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD

 Principle
 A liquid penetrant is applied at the surface of the
specimen. The penetrant is drawn by the surface flaws due
to capillary action and this is subsequently revealed by a
developer, in addition with visual inspection.
 Procedure
– Cleaning the surface
– Application of the penetrant
– Removal of excess penetrant
– Developing
– Inspection
Applications

 Turbine rotor discs & blades


 Aircraft wheels, castings, forged components, welded
assemblies
 Automotive parts – pistons, cylinders, etc.
 Bogie frames of railway locomotives & rolling stock
 Electrical ceramic parts – spark plug insulators, glass-to-
metal seals, etc.
 Moulded plastic parts
Advantages & Limitations of Liquid Penetrant Method

 ADVANTAGES
 Simple & inexpensive
 Versatile & portable
 Applicable to ferrous, non-ferrous, non-magnetic & complex shaped materials which are non-porous &
of any dimension
 Detects cracks, seams, lack of bonding, etc.

 LIMITATIONS
 Detect surface flaws
 Non-porous surface for material
 Surface cleaning before & after inspection
 Deformed surfaces & surface coatings prevent detection
ULTRASONIC FLAW DETECTION

Principle
Whenever there is a change in the medium, the ultrasonic
waves are reflected. Thus, from the intensity of the reflected
echoes, the flaws are detected without destroying the material.
Applications

 Quality control & material inspection


 Detection of failure of rail rolling stock axes, pressure
columns, earthmoving equipments, mill rolls, mixing
equipments, etc.
 Measurement of metal section thickness
 Thickness measurements – refinery & chemical processing
equipments, submarine hulls, aircraft sections, pressure
vessels, etc.
 Inspect pipe & plate welds
 Inspect pins, bolts & shafts for cracks
 Detect internal corrosion
Advantages & Limitations

 Advantages
 Sensitive to surface & subsurface discontinuities
 Superior depth of penetration for flaw detection
 High accuracy – position, size & shape of defect
 Minimal part preparation

Limitations
 Surface accessibility for ultrasonic transmission
 Highly skilled & trained manpower
 Irregular, rough, coarse grained or non homogenous parts,
linear defects oriented parallel to the beam cannot be inspected
– low transmission & high noise
 Coupling medium required
Radiography

 The formation of an image of the test piece either on a


photographic film or on a fluorescent screen due to x-rays
or γ-rays passing through the test piece.
Law of Absorption of X-rays

 x
I  I oe
X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY

 Principle
 X-rays are passed through the
specimen under inspection
and it is differentially
absorbed by the specimen.
The transmitted x-rays are
received by the photographic
film and the film is
developed. The dark and light
shadows reveal the defects
present in the specimen and
hence the defects are defected.
X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY – Displacement Method
 Principle
 X-rays are exposed over the specimen by keeping the x-ray
source at position ‘A’ and then at ‘B’ by displacing the source
through a certain distance. The images are recorded at positions
‘A’ and ‘B’. From the displacements of the x-ray tube and the
images, the exact position of the defect can be determined.
X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY –
Displacement Method
X-RAY FLUOROSCOPY

 Principle
 X-rays are passed through
the specimen and is made to
fall on a fluorescent screen.
With respect to the defects in
the specimen, there will be a
variation in intensity.
MERITS & DEMERITS

 Merits
 No need of washing and developing films
 Low cost
 Image viewed immediately on screen
 Time consumption is less
 Demerits
 Poor resolution
 Low image contrast
 Electronic image intensifier required for increasing the
contrast
Differences

Radiography Fluoroscopy
Image developed on Image is developed on
photographic film fluorescent screen.
High resolution & contrast Fair resolution and low
Immediate image cannot be contrast.
obtained. Immediate image can be
X-ray energy is converted viewed through the monitor.
into chemical energy. X-ray energy is converted
Expensive into visible light.
Time consumption is high. Inexpensive.
Time consumption is low
Importance of NDT

 Applied directly to the product


 Tested parts are not damaged
 Various tests can be performed on the same product
 Specimen preparation not required
 Can be performed on parts that are in service
 Low time consumption
 Low lab our cost
What are some common defects?

 Porosity
 Undercutting
 Rollover or “Cold Lap”
 Slag inclusion
 Poor penetration
 Voids
CONCLUSION

 NDT can save and/or avoid costs in millions of dollars for


facilities that use its methods.
 There are proven NDT technologies to do this, from
conventional to more advanced ones that are essentially based
on the conventional ones.
 Their required training requirements and proper application
are paramount for realizing ever-increasing benefits.
References

 www.studymafia.org
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
THANKS

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