EARTH WORKING

SYSTEM
HG-1
Sub-topic 1: Earth and how it works

Earth has the shape of oblate spheroid.

Facts about Earth
● The only Earth is a planet in the solar system that supports life
● Earth orbits the sun for 365.25 days
● The earth rotates for 23 hours 56 minutes
● The average temperature on the surface is 15 degrees
● It is a planet that only has water on the surface
Earth’s Rotation

the rotation of Planet Earth around its own axis.

Standard Time System
Global time kept according to adjacent standard meridians,
normally differ by one hour
1. Based on the east-west position of the sun
2. Solar day defined by one sun circuit

A. The outer ring gives the time in hours.

B. The meridians are drawn as spokes radiating out from the pole.

C. Greenwich, England, 0° longitude, 12:00 noon.

D. Los Angeles, about 120°W longitude, 4:00 A.M.

E. New York, about 75°W longitude, 7:00 A.M.

F. Singapore, about 105°E longitude, 7:00 P.M.

World Time Zones
Crossing the international date line in an
eastward direction, travelers set their
calendars back one day.

Conclusion: By how earth was formed

and how it works, different time zones
and season were made.
Daylight Savings Time
Daylight saving - transfer an hour of light to a time when it will be more useful. Adjust
clocks during the part of the year that has a longer daylight period to correspond more
closely with the modern pace of society

● United States - daylight saving time begins second Sunday in March, ends first
Sunday of November
● European Union daylight saving = summer time begins last Sunday in March, ends
on the last Sunday in October.
Sub topic 2: The Earth’s Atmosphere & Climate Causing
Global Warming
Causes:
- The variation of temperature change
- Volcanic eruption
- Dust
- The Gulf stream
- Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect
EFFECTS & IMPACT
 Three main level of Climate Change
Impact:

Physical Biological Human

System Systems System
sThe melting of the Flora and Fauna
s
Shaking up social, health, and
geopolitical balances in many
poles part of the world
Physical Systems
the melting of the poles, which at the same time causing:

Glacial regression and Warming and thawing of Rising of sea levels

Coastal erosion permafrost
Physical Systems
the melting of the poles, which at the same time causing:

Flooding and Extreme natural phenomena

Snow melting droughts in rivers such as storm, hurricane,
and lakes and wildfires
 Biological Systems

Death and Extinction: Habitat loss: Wildfires causes

there is death of flora and The scarcity of resources displacement:
fauna in terrestrial and and climate change are Causing flora and fauna
marine ecosystems that changing life habits and displacement searching
leads to extinction of some migratory cycles of for better life conditions
species animals.
Human Systems

Affects and destroys Causes disease Migrations of Destruction and loss

crops and food production and death Climate refugees of economic livelihoods
Malaria Plasmodium
Virax Imigraton
How should we act?

Renewable Energies Implement a Sustainable System

Prevent climate change by move away Use a sustainable system in transportation,
from fossil fuels and use renewable infrastructure, and agriculture & forest
energies such solar, wind, biomass, and management.
geothermal.

Energy & Water Efficiency Responsible Consumption &

Reduce energy and water consumption Recycling
by using devices that are more efficient Adopting responsible consumption habits is
like LED light bulbs and innovative crucial, regarding food (particularly meat),
shower systems. clothing, cosmetics or cleaning products.
Last but not least, absolute necessity for
dealing with waste.
Earth Materials and Plate
Tectonics
3
1. Mineral and Rocks of The Earth Crust
Earth’s interior:

•Crust

•Mantle

•Liquid outer core

•Solid inner core

IGNEOUS ROCK - formed when molten rock cools,
forming silicate mineral crystals
1. Extrusive

Cools rapidly on land

surface/ocean bottom and
show microscopic crystals

2. Intrusive

Cools rapidly below the

earth’s surface and devel
 Sedimentary Rocks

Composed of
sediments

- Clastic
- Chemically
precipitated
- Organic
Metamorphic Rocks
Formed from pre existing rocks by intense heat and pressure, which alter rock
structure and chemical composition

Exp: Limestone to Marble

2. Major Relief Features of the Earth’s Surface

a. Litosphere and Astenosphere

● Lithosphere → solid, brittle outermost layer.
○ Includes the crust and the cooler, brittle upper
part of the mantle.
○ Strong, upper 100 km of the Earth.
● Asthenosphere → weak and easily deformed layer.
○ Acts as a stimulus for the tectonic earthquake.
b. Relief Features of the Continents

Features

Active: Inactive:

1. Volcanism 1. Continental shield

2. Tectonism 2. Ancient mountain
root
C. Relief Features of the Ocean Basins
1. Active = have oceanic trencher

1. Passive = accumulate thick deposit of continental sediments

3. Plate Tectonics
Tectonic processes – extension and compression

Extension - occurs when plates are pulled apart or when a continental plate breaks up into As the crust thins, it is fractured and
pushed upward, producing block mountains.

Compression – squeezing together or crushing

Boundaries
Spreading boundary : crust is being pulled apart

Converging boundary : one plate is subducted beneath another

Transform boundary : two plates glide adjacent to each other.

Continental Rupture and New Ocean Basins
Continental rupture begins with the formation of a rift valley and tilted block mountains. Ocean soon invades the
rift. As the continental crust recedes, oceanic crust fills the gap.
Magma solidifies to form new crust in the rift valley floor. Crustal blocks on

either side slip down along a succession of steep faults, creating mountains. A narrow ocean is formed , floored by new
oceanic crust.
Ocean basin continues to widen until a large ocean forms and continents are widely
separated. Ocean basin widens, while the passive continental margins subside and
receive sediments from the continents.
Sub Topic 5 : Biogeography

1. Energy and Matter Flow in the Ecosystem

2. Biogeography History
3. Natural Vegetation and Life Form
4. Climate and Altitude Gradient
5. Biomes
1. Energy and Matter Flow in the Ecosystem
2. Biogeography History

● Evolution → the environment interacts with the organism to create variety

● Speciation → process of formation of new species
● Extinction → the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms

These 3 activities form a Distribution Pattern of organisms

3. Natural Vegetation and Life Form
● Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid
● Life form scheme is a way of classifying plants into different types (family, genus, species) based on character
similarities. e.g. trees, bushes, lichens, etc.
● Various species live in one habitat and interact with each other, forming an ecosystem.
● Ecosystem consists of : Terrestrial and Aquatic ecosystem
4. Climate and Altitude Gradient
5. Biomes
Sub Topic 5 : Biogeography

Conclusion:

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems

in geographic space and through geological time.

The evolution of organisms allows the environment to interact with their

body, which creates variation and leads to the forming of new species.
Different climates and latitudes in different parts of the world also affect
how the organisms adapt. In order to survive, each type of organism has
their own unique characteristics (i.e. physical structures, life forms)
depending on the condition of their habitat.
 Balance of nature
system
Balance of nature system
Earth support
capacity
Background
Definition: Maximum capacity of species that can be supported by earth. In other
words, it influence the life of every living things on the earth due to our necessity.
However, we cannot predict the maximum capacity of species by quantity.

2 types of earth support capacity =

Availability of Nature

Availability of energy
Problem
Human activity often lead to degrading the quantity and quality of nature.

Real life example:

1. Pollution
2. Global Warming
3. Industrial waste contamination
Solution
1. Sharing awareness of the earth
2. Technology
3. CSR Program
4. Maintaining a biogeochemical cycle continuously
ENERGY
Work Concept
It’s about the force we applied to an object that we move its position.

W=F*d
Power
The work for running and walking is the same. The different is we need bigger
power for running.

P=W/s
ENERGY, POSITION,
MOTION
FORMS OF ENERGY
● Mechanic Energy: Forms of energy related to motion, position and
gravitational interactions
○ Potential energy: energy possessed by an object because of its
position. Affected by Gravitational Potential Energy & Potential Energy
Springs
○ Kinetic energy: energy that connects with the movement of things

● Chemical Energy: Forms of energy that caused by chemical reaction

○ Example: phtosysnthesis
FORMS OF ENERGY
● Radiation Energy: forms of energy that caused by energy from
electromagnetic wave
○ Example: Light is a small part of Electromagnetic wave spectrum

● Electrical Energy: forms of energy that comes from electromagnetic

interactions

● Nuclear Energy: form of energy that used in nuclear reactor

ENERGY CONVERSION
● Is changes in the form of energy from one shape to another form
example:
● Most common: Changes from potential energy to kinetic energy
 Energy Conservation Law

“Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy

can change shape from one form to another, but
the total amount remains the same”
Energy & Environment
Energy Resources
→ Renewable Energy: Wind Energy, Geothermal, Biomass, Solar, Hydrogen

→ Non Renewable Energy: Fuel Oil, Coal, Nuclear Power

Non Renewable Energy
- Fuel Oil → Formed from organisms that have decayed and were buried in the
ground for millions of years.
- Benefits : relatively cheap and easy to afford
- Costs : stocks of oil and natural gas are getting smaller, CO2 emission

- Coal → Formed from the remnants of plants that have rot and buried in the
ground for millions of years.
- Benefits : the most abundant fossil energy source in nature
- Costs : need a very long time to be formed, pollution
Ecology Restoration
What is this?
● Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery
of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or
destroyed

(Society for Ecological Restoration definition)

 Motivations for restoration
• Restoring ecosystem services
• Mitigating impacts to ecosystems elsewhere
• Habitat for threatened or endangered species
• Aesthetic concerns, moral reasons
• Legal requirements (Clean Water Act, etc.)
• Improve human livelihoods
• Empower local people
• Improve ecosystem productivity

Adapted from SER and IUCN (2004). Ecological Restoration: a

means of conserving biodiversity and sustaining livelihoods
Restoration of…
● Rivers and streams
● Drylands and deserts
● Old agricultural fields Long leaf pine restoration, Nature
Conservancy, Sand Hills, North Carolina
● Prairies and savannas
● Wetlands
● Forests

Urban stream restoration,

Island Press: Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration Series Durham, North Carolina
Part II: Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems
 Spectrum of restoration
● Spanning a very wide range of size and scope

Stream reach scale: ~100m – 1km Iraq: marshland loss of 17,000 km2
Restoration: deciding to act
1. Determine that an ecosystem is damaged
– Who decides? What are the criteria?

2. Who is responsible for overseeing the

restoration?
3. Motivating factors?
– Laws, government agencies, NGOs
Goose Creek, Durham, NC, USA
Deforestation Forecast