Assignment of Accounting

Software And SPSS

Topic-Research
(Characterstics,Process,Types,
Purpose,Errors,Research Design
and Characterstics)

SUBMITTED TO MRS.POONAM
SUBMITTED BY AKSHAY
 What is Research
• Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails
collection of data; documentation of critical information; and
analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in
accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific
professional fields and academic disciplines.

 Research is conducted with a objective to understand:

What do organizations or businesses really want to find out?

What are the processes that need to be followed to chase the idea?

What are the arguments that need to be built around a concept?

 Characterstics Of Good Research
• Logical Reasoning-Research is based on
logical reasoning and involves both
inductive and deductive methods.
• Analysis-There is an in-depth analysis of all
the data collected from research so that
there there are no anomalies associated
with it.
• Creates Path-Research creates a path for
generating new questions. More research
opportunity can be generated from existing
research.
 Research Process
• Step 1: Identify the Problem-The first step in the process is to
identify a problem or develop a research question. The research
problem may be something the agency identifies as a problem,
some knowledge or information that is needed by the agency.

• Step 2: Review the Literature-Now that the problem has been

identified, the researcher must learn more about the topic
under investigation. To do this, the researcher must review the
literature related to the research problem.

• Step 3: Clarify the Problem-Many times the initial problem

identified in the first step of the process is too large or broad in
scope. In step 3 of the process, the researcher clarifies the
problem and narrows the scope of the study.

• Step 4: Clearly Define Terms and Concepts-Terms and concepts

are words or phrases used in the purpose statement of the
study or the description of the study. These items need to be
specifically defined as they apply to the study.
 Research Process Continued
• Step 5: Define the Population-Research projects can focus on a
specific group of people, facilities, park development, employee
evaluations, programs, financial status, marketing efforts, or the
integration of technology into the operations.

• Step 6: Develop the Instrumentation Plan-The plan for the study

is referred to as the instrumentation plan. The instrumentation
plan serves as the road map for the entire study, specifying who
will participate in the study.

• Step 7: Collect Data-Once the instrumentation plan is completed,

the actual study begins with the collection of data. The collection
of data is a critical step in providing the information needed to
answer the research question.

• Step 8: Analyze the Data-All the time, effort, and resources

dedicated to steps 1 through 7 of the research process culminate
in this final step. The researcher finally has data to analyze so that
the research question can be answered.
 Types Of Research
• Basic Research: Basic research is mostly conducted
to enhance knowledge. It covers fundamental
aspects of research. The main motivation of this
research is knowledge expansion.
• Applied Research: Applied research focuses on
analyzing and solving real-life problems. This type of
research refers to the study that helps solve practical
problems using scientific methods.
• Qualitative Research: Qualitative research is
a process that is about inquiry, that helps in-depth
understanding of the problems or issues in their
natural settings. This is a non- statistical research
method.
• Quantitative Research: Qualitative research is a
structured way of collecting data and analyzing it to
draw conclusions. Online surveys, questionnaires,
and polls are preferable data collection tools used in
quantitative research.
 Purpose Of Research
• There are three purposes of research:
• 1. Exploratory Research: As the name suggests,
exploratory research is conducted to explore the research
questions and may or may not offer a final conclusion to
the research conducted. It is conducted to handle new
problem areas which haven’t been explored before.

• 2. Descriptive Research: Descriptive research focuses on

throwing more light on current issues through a process of
data collection. Descriptive studies are used to describe
the behavior of a sample population.

• 3. Explanatory Research: Explanatory research or causal

research, is conducted to understand the impact of certain
changes in existing standard procedures. Conducting
experiments is the most popular form of casual research.
 Errors In Research
• 1. Population Specification-This type of error occurs when
the researcher selects an inappropriate population or
universe from which to obtain data.

• 2. Sampling-Sampling error occurs when a probability

sampling method is used to select a sample, but the resulting
sample is not representative of the population concern.

• 3. Selection-Selection error is the sampling error for a sample

selected by a nonprobability method.

• 4. Non-responsive-Nonresponse error can exist when an

obtained sample differs from the original selected sample.

• 5. Measurement-Measurement error is generated by the

measurement process itself, and represents the difference
between the information generated and the information
wanted by the researcher.
 What Is Research Design
• Research design is defined as a framework of methods
and techniques chosen by a researcher to combine
various components of research in a reasonably logical
manner so that the research problem is efficiently
handled.

• The essential elements of research design are:

• Accurate purpose statement of research design
• Techniques to be implemented for collecting details for
research
• Method applied for analyzing collected details
• Type of research methodology
• Probable objections for research
 Characterstics Of Research Design
• 1) Neutrality: The results projected in research design
should be free from bias and neutral.

• 2) Reliability: If a research is conducted on a regular

basis, the researcher involved expects similar results to
be calculated every time.

• 3) Validity: There are multiple measuring tools available

for research design but valid measuring tools are those
which help a researcher in gauging results according to
the objective of research and nothing else.

• 4) Generalization: The outcome of research design

should be applicable to a population and not just a
restricted sample. Generalization is one of the key
characteristics of research design.
 New Words
• Anomalies-Deviates From Standard Or
Normal.

• Gauging-Exactly Judge, Very Accurate.

Thank You

AKSHAY