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Wk2: Object Orientation: OOP (C++) / Dr. I. H. Shah

This document discusses object orientation and classes in C++. It defines an object as something that exists in time and can be created, destroyed, copied, shared and updated. A class is a blueprint that defines data values and operations for objects. The document then discusses defining a Rectangle class with length and breadth data attributes and area() and perimeter() functions. It shows how to declare Rectangle objects and call the class functions to calculate the area and perimeter of different rectangle objects.

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Zaka Ullah
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56 views12 pages

Wk2: Object Orientation: OOP (C++) / Dr. I. H. Shah

This document discusses object orientation and classes in C++. It defines an object as something that exists in time and can be created, destroyed, copied, shared and updated. A class is a blueprint that defines data values and operations for objects. The document then discusses defining a Rectangle class with length and breadth data attributes and area() and perimeter() functions. It shows how to declare Rectangle objects and call the class functions to calculate the area and perimeter of different rectangle objects.

Uploaded by

Zaka Ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wk2: object Orientation

OOP (C++) / Dr. I. H. Shah.


Object Orientation
o In real life an object is an entity that:
 is visible or otherwise tangible.
 acts or can be acted upon.
o In software an object is:
 A computational resource of our system that parallels an object of real life.
 A unit that groups together data and functions which act upon that data.
o Software objects exist in time and can be created, destroyed, copied,
shared and updated.
o Every software object is an instance of some class / type.
 A class is blueprint / template from which objects are generated.
 A class defines a set of values and a set of operations applicable to an
object generated from that class.
What is a Class?
A class consists of : The class name
1. data (contained in variables) Data
(variables)
2. a set of functions which can access or
change the data.
person
• The data and functions are also called
members of the class. name : String
gender : char
• Example: Let us define a class person; to
id : integer
begin with this class has three data
items (attributes) and no functions. The
following is the illustration of this class in
UML notation.

Functions
Private and Public Members
• A class can contain private as well as public members; by default all
items defined in a class are private. A private member cannot be
accessed directly; it can be accessed through a public function only.
• The public members can be accessed directly by other parts of the
program.
• When a class is defined, things are normally arranged in such a way
that the data can be accessed / manipulated only by the functions of
that class; in this way the class is closed off and its data items are
protected from the outside interference. This is called encapsulation.
Encapsulation
• An Object Oriented Programming Language facilitates:
1. Defining a class
2. Restricting access to the members of the class
• The attributes of a class are defined as private and the methods are
defined as public. A private attribute can be accessed by a method of
the class only.
• Example1:
To understand encapsulation, let us first design, implement and use a
class; one such class is Rectangle contained in a file rectangle.cpp The
attributes of the class are not directly accessible.
The Syntax of a class
class Class-name The access specifiers can be;
{ private data and functions
public, private or protected.
access specifier
data and functions By default data and functions defined in
a class are private to that class and may be
access specifier
accessed by the members of the class.
data and functions The public data and functions can be
… accessed by a program. The protected
access specifier data and functions are required when
data and functions.. inheritance is involved.
} object-list;

The object list declares objects of this but it is optional;


Creating Objects

Creation of an Object is a two step process:


• Declare an Object.

Syntax class object_name;


Example Rectangle r1;
The class rectangle (UML Design)

Rectangle
The class name
length : double
breadth : double
data

functions
Implementing a class Rectangle without functions
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Rectangle
{ public:
double length;
double breadth;
};
int main()
{ Rectangle r1;
double perim;
r1.length = 5.5;
r1.breadth = 4.1;
// compute perimeter
perim = (r1.length+ r1.breadth)*2;
cout << "Perimeter of r1 =" << perim << endl;
return 0;
}
The class rectangle with functions (UML Design)

Rectangle
The class name
length : double
breadth : double
data
area () : double
perimeter () : double

functions
Including Functions in a class
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Rectangle
{ public:
double length;
double breadth;
double peri();
double area();
};
double Rectangle::peri()
{return 2*(length + breadth);
}
double Rectangle::area()
{return length*breadth;
}
Including Functions in a class
int main()
{ Rectangle r1, r2;
double perim, ar;
r1.length = 5.5;
r1.breadth = 4.1;
r2.length = 2.5;
r2.breadth = 1.6;
perim = r1.peri(); // compute perimeter of r1
cout << "\n\tPerimeter of r1 =" << perim;
ar = r1.area(); // compute area of r1
cout << "\n\tArea of r1 =" << ar;
perim = r2.peri(); // compute perimeter of r2
cout << "\n\tPerimeter of r2 =" << perim;
ar = r2.area(); // compute area of r2
cout << "\n\tArea of r2 =" << ar;
return 0;
}

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