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Physical Layer: Switching

Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently over multiple nodes of a network to the destination. Each packet contains addressing information and is routed hop-by-hop through the network. There are two main types of packet switching: datagram, where each packet is routed independently, and virtual circuit, where a path is established for packets belonging to a specific communication. Packet switching offers improved utilization of network bandwidth compared to circuit switching but can add complexity and delay.

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rakesh das
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21 views

Physical Layer: Switching

Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently over multiple nodes of a network to the destination. Each packet contains addressing information and is routed hop-by-hop through the network. There are two main types of packet switching: datagram, where each packet is routed independently, and virtual circuit, where a path is established for packets belonging to a specific communication. Packet switching offers improved utilization of network bandwidth compared to circuit switching but can add complexity and delay.

Uploaded by

rakesh das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physical Layer

Switching
Switching
• In a switched network, data entering the
network from a station are routed to the
destination by being switched from node to
node.
• Devices attached to the network are referred
to as Stations/End-devices.
• The switching devices inside a network are
called as Nodes.
• Two Types of Switching techniques:
– Circuit Switching
– Packet Switching

• Circuit Switching
– Circuit switching is a technique that directly
connects the sender and the receiver in an
unbroken path.
- Circuit switching involves three phases:
- Connection/circuit establishment
- Data Transfer
- Connection/circuit termination
• Advantages • Disadvantages
– The communication channel – Possible long wait to establish
(once established) is a connection during which no
dedicated. data can be transmitted.
– There is no other delay other – Inefficient use of the
than propagation delay communication channel,
because the channel is not
used when the connected
systems are not using it.
Packet Switching
• In Packet switching, a message is broken into
small parts, called packets.
• No dedicated link is established.
• Each packet is tagged with appropriate source
and destination addresses.
• At each node, the packet is received, stored
briefly, and passed on to the next node.
• The concept is called Store-and-forward.
Two packet switching techniques are:
• Datagram packet switching
• Virtual-circuit packet switching

• Datagram
– Each packet is treated independently
– The nodes choose the next nodes for the packet’s path.
– So the packets, each with the same destination address,
do not follow the same route, and they may arrive out of
sequence at the exit point node (or the destination).
– Reordering is done at the destination point based on the
sequence number of the packets.
• Datagram packet switching
Virtual Circuit Switching
• In the virtual circuit approach, a preplanned route is
established before any data packets are sent.
• All the packets follow the same route.
• Because the route is fixed for the duration of the logical
connection, it is somewhat similar to circuit switching.
• Each packet contains a virtual circuit identifier.
• No routing decisions are made at the nodes since the
packets will travel in a preestablished route.
• In virtual circuit, the route between stations does not mean
that this is a dedicated path, as in circuit switching.
• With virtual circuit, the node does not need to make a
routing
• decision for each packet.
• It is made only once for all packets using that virtual circuit.
Virtual Circuit Switching
Datagram Virtual Circuit

• No dedicated path • No dedicated path


• Transmission of packets • Transmission of packets
• Packets may be stored until • Packets stored until
delivered. delivered.
• Route may be different for • Route is established for
each packet. entire conversation
• Packet transmission delay • Call set-up delay; Packet
• Sender may be notified if transmission delay
packet not delivered • Sender notified if
connection is denied
Packet switching adv and disavd
• Advantage • Disadvantage
– Packet switching offers – Protocols for packet switching
improved delay are typically more complex.
characteristics, because there – It can add some initial costs in
are no long messages in the implementation.
queue – If packet is lost, sender needs
– Packet can be rerouted if to retransmit the data.
there is any problem, such as, – packet-switched systems still
busy or disabled links can’t deliver the same quality
– many network users can as dedicated circuits in
share the same channel at applications requiring very
the same time. little delay - like voice
– Packet switching can conversations or moving
maximize link efficiency by images.
making optimal use of link
bandwidth.

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