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Spatial Analysis & Modeling

The document describes concepts and techniques for spatial analysis and modeling using GIS. It discusses using spatial analysis to find patterns, relationships and predict values based on sample data. It also describes different types of surface models including digital surface models (DSM), digital elevation models (DEM) and digital terrain models (DTM). Finally, it outlines several surface modeling operations that can be performed on raster data like contour generation, slope, aspect, hillshading and interpolation.

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Andenet Ashagrie
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31 views27 pages

Spatial Analysis & Modeling

The document describes concepts and techniques for spatial analysis and modeling using GIS. It discusses using spatial analysis to find patterns, relationships and predict values based on sample data. It also describes different types of surface models including digital surface models (DSM), digital elevation models (DEM) and digital terrain models (DTM). Finally, it outlines several surface modeling operations that can be performed on raster data like contour generation, slope, aspect, hillshading and interpolation.

Uploaded by

Andenet Ashagrie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spatial Analysis & Modeling

GIS for Spatial Planning


Training for Ministry of Transport
Mozambique

Maputo, Mozambique
2-13 July 2018

Geoinformation and Sectoral Statistics Section


Content

 Spatial Analysis and Modeling Concepts


 Surface Models
 Surface Modeling Operations

2
Spatial Analysis & Modeling Concepts

 Spatial analysis is the technique to analyze data in terms of


location
 Find out patterns, identify relationships among features,
plan efficient routes, perform site selection, model or
predict values based on discrete sample observations, etc.
 Relationships: proximity, overlap, intersection, visibility,
accessibility, etc.
 Detect patterns: hotspots, outliers, clusters, change over
time
Spatial Analysis & Modeling Concepts

 Predict values: given a set of measured points


across an area you can determine the estimated
values in unmeasured locations
 Using spatial analysis, you can combine
information from many independent sources and
derive a new set of information by applying a large,
rich, and sophisticated set of spatial operators or
geo-processing tools

4
Spatial Analysis & Modeling Concepts

 Why Spatial modeling: finding relationships among


geographic features to understand and address any
particular problem
 Spatial modeling allows you to derive new data from values
of existing data layers and to predict what might happen
and where
 Modeling often involve developing specialized workflows
through programming, creating scripts and automated
workflows, lets you efficiently query and process large
amounts of data and implement more complex algorithms.
Spatial Analysis & Modeling Concepts
 Models help you understand, describe, and predict how things work in
the real world
 Spatial modeling, modeling spatial problems, involve two types of
models:
 Representation models – represent the objects in the landscape
 Process models – simulate the processes in the landscape

6
Spatial Analysis & Modeling Concepts

Spatial Analysis

Raster model

Vector model

7
Spatial Analysis & Modeling Concepts

 Using an elevation surface, for example, you can


derive information and identify features that were
not readily apparent in the original surface,
 contours, angle of slope, steepest downslope direction
(aspect), shaded relief (hillshade), and visible areas
(viewsheds)
 model the flow of water across Earth’s surface,
deriving runoff characteristics, understanding
drainage systems, and creating watersheds
Surface Models

 Surface Models: DSM, DEM, DTM


 Digital Surface Model (DSM) surface model which captures the
natural and built features on the Earth’s surface
 DSM is generated using LiDAR system, which sends pulses of
light to the ground and when the pulse of light bounces
off/back its target and returns to the sensor, it gives the range
(a variable distance) to the Earth
 LiDAR delivers a massive point cloud filled of varying elevation
values (Height can come from the top of buildings, tree canopy,
power lines, other built and natural features)
 DSM is useful in 3D modeling for telecommunications, urban
planning and aviation (objects extrude from the earth,
particularly useful in these application to identify obstructions)
Surface Models

DSM

10
Surface Models

 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a digital model or 3D


representation of a terrain’s surface, created from DEM is
bare-earth raster grid, which filters out vegetation and man
made features terrain elevation data
 DEM is bare-earth raster grid, which filters out vegetation and
man made features
 non-ground points such as bridges and roads, built (power
lines, buildings and towers), and natural (trees and other
vegetation types) are not included in DEM
 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is frequently used and simplest
form of digital representation of topography
Surface Models

 DEM is used to determine


terrain attributes such as
elevation, slope and aspect
 Terrain features such as
drainage basins and
watersheds, drainage
networks and channel can be
identified from DEMs.
 Widely used in hydrologic
modeling, and geologic
analysis, soil mapping

12
Surface Models

 A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a vector data set composed


of regularly spaced points and natural features such as ridges
and breaklines.

 DTMs are typically


created through stereo
photogrammetry
 From these regularly-
space and contour lines,
you can interpolate a
DTM into a DEM

13
Surface Modeling Operations

 Surface modeling operations include:


 Contour
 Slope
 Aspect
 Hillshade
 Viewshed
 Visibility
 Cut Fill
 Interpolation
Surface Modeling Operations
Aspect (Spatial Analyst)
 Derives aspect from a raster surface. The aspect identifies the
downslope direction of the maximum rate of change in value from each
cell to its neighbors.
 Aspect can be thought of as the slope direction. The values of the
output raster will be the compass direction of the aspect.
 Aspect is expressed in positive degrees from 0 to 359.9, measured
clockwise from north.

15
Surface Modeling Operations
Slope (Spatial Analyst)
 Identifies the slope (gradient, or rate of maximum change in z-value)
from each cell of a raster surface.

16
Surface Modeling Operations
Contour (Spatial Analyst)
 Contours represent points having equal heights/ elevations with respect
to a particular datum such as Mean Sea Level (MSL)

 Topographic maps, shape of a


landscape represented with
contour lines
 A way to describe three-
dimensional landscapes in
two dimensions

17
Surface Modeling Operations

Contour (Spatial Analyst)


 Contour tool: Creates a line feature class of contours (isolines) from a
raster surface.
 A base contour is used; e.g. to create contours every 10 meters, starting
at 5 meters
 5 is the base contour, and 10 is the contour interval. values to be
contoured 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, …

18
Surface Modeling Operations

Hillshade (Spatial Analyst)


 Hillshade tool: Creates a shaded relief from a surface raster by considering the
illumination source angle and shadows.
 The hillshade raster has an integer value of 0 to 255, o representing

19
Surface Modeling Operations
Viewshed (Spatial Analyst)
 Determines the raster surface locations visible to a set of observer
features
 Useful in application like telecommunication

20
Surface Modeling Operations

 Spatial interpolation is used to take known values and


interpolate them into a surface, deriving new estimated
surface values
 Elevation points interpolated to generate DEM
 Contour lines interpolated to generate DEM
 Using interpolation methods, users can create surfaces
from sampled locations without having to visit every
location of a study area, saving time and effort.
Surface Modeling Operations

Interpolation(Spatial Analyst)
 Interpolation is creating a surface based on a sample of
values with the domain
 Different techniques for interpolation:
 IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting)
 Kriging
 Natural Neighbor
 Spline

22
Surface Modeling Operations

 IDW: Interpolates a raster surface from points using an


inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique
 Values for nearby points tend to be more similar
 IDW weights the value of each point by its distance to the
cell being analyzed and averages the values
 It assumes that unknown value is influenced more by nearby
points than far away points

23
Surface Modeling Operations

 Spline: Interpolates a raster surface from points using a two-


dimensional minimum curvature spline technique.
 It fits a curve through the sample data and assigns values to
other locations based on their location on the curve
 Regularized Method: results in a smoother surface that
smoother areas of abruptly changing values
 Tension Method: results in a rougher surface that more closely
adheres to abrupt changes in sample points

24
Surface Modeling Operations

 Kriging Method: Interpolates a raster surface from points using kriging.


 Like IDW interpolation, Kriging forms weights from surrounding
measured values to predict values at unmeasured locations.
 IDW uses a simple algorithm based on distance
 Kriging weights come from a semi-variogram that is developed by looking
at the spatial structure of the data
 Predictions are made for locations in the study area based on the semi-
variogram and the spatial arrangement of measured values that are nearby
 Semi-variograms measure the strength of statistical correlation as a
function of distance; they quantify spatial autocorrelation
 Kriging associates probability with each prediction

25
Surface Modeling Operations

Raster Calculator (Spatial Analyst)


 Builds and executes a single Map Algebra expression using
Python syntax in a calculator-like interface.

26
THANK YOU!
[email protected]

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