Centroid

and
Moment of Inertia (Second Moment of Area)

NIT Rourkela
India
 Center of Gravity and Centroid
• The center of gravity (CG) is a point on a body (3D) showing the
resultant weight of a system of particles

• When we talked about 2D body then it is called centriod

 ( Centroid is a point in a plane area such that the moment of the area
of the body about the point (centriod) is zero)
 CG applies to bodies with mass and weight
 Centroid applies to plane area

Numerically x 
 Ax i i
and y 
 Ay i i

A A

Analytically, x 
 xdA and y 
 ydA
A A
 Centroid of force system
in a Symmetric 2D body
• When we consider a body subjected to two force, then what will be
location of resultant force, geometric center or centriod of loading
system

( Centroid is a point in a plane area such that the moment of the area (here the F1 and
F2) of the body about the point (centriod) is zero)

Numerically x 
Ax i i
and y 
Ay i i

A A

Analytically, x 
 xdA and y 
 ydA
A A
 Example 1: Centroid

Analytically, x 
 xdA
and y 
 ydA
A A

• The same concept is applicable for area

Example 1: Centroid

Analytically, x 
 xdA
and y 
 ydA
A A
Example 1: Centroid

Analytically, x 
 xdA
and y 
 ydA
A A
 So, Centroid can be written as

Numerically x 
 Ax i i
and y 
 Ay i i

A A

Analytically, x 
 xdA and y 
 ydA
A A
 Centroid of Right angle Triangular section
Consider a right angle triangle and a thin strip
 General rule
• If the coordinate measured from the vertex
with slant side then it should be 2/3rd of base
or height
• And if it is measured vertex with vertical side
then it is 1/3rd of the base or height
Centroid f triangle in general
Centroid of Triangular section
• The Centroid is the point where all 3 medians intersect and is often
described as the triangle's center of gravity
 Example 3: Centroid

Numerically x 
 Ax i i
and y 
 Ay i i

A A
 Example 3: Centroid

50 (Centroid of part 2)+20 =70

Numerically x 
 Ax i i
and y 
 Ay i i

A A
 Example 4: Centroid

Similarly, Yc=67.86 mm
Hints: Centroid of circle and whole area is same
Example 4: Centroid
 Centroid for any other shape
If we want to find the centriod of any other shape, then, we need to fid the
variation of y wrt x and put in the limit
Centroid of Triangular section
Centroid of Triangular section
Example 4: Centroid
Centroid : Examples
Centroid : Examples
CG and Center of mass
 Center of Gravity (CG)

The center of gravity (CG) is a point that locates the

resultant weight of a system of particles
• If the material composing a body is uniform or
homogeneous, the density or specific weight
will be constant throughout the body, then
the centroid is the same as the center of
gravity or center of mass
Second moment of Area
 Introduction

• Also known as moment of ‘moment of force’ or second moment or in

short MI

• Moment of force ‘P’ about a point is given by Px ( x is perpendicular

distance between the point and line of action of force)

• Now if again we multiple the moment (Px) by the distance x, then the
quantity (Px2) is called moment of the ‘moment of force’

•First Moment of Area related to Centroid

 Area Moment of Inertiaor Mass Moment of Inertia

 sometimes instead of force; area or mass is also considered

 if area is considered then termed as second moment of area

•All such second moment is broadly termed as moment of inertia

 Area Moment of Inertia or Mass Moment of Inertia

Numerical

a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an are area of small parts of thebody

n
a1r12 , a2 , r22 a3r32 ,..., an rn2   ai ri 2
i 1

ri is the Corresponding distance of elementary area about which the

MI is required to be find out

Unit: m4 [Unit of area =m2 . distance square (m2)]

Analytically: I   y 2 dxdy
 Third or higher Moment of Area
First moment of Area   ydxdy

Second moment of Area   y 2 dxdy

Third moment of Area   y 3dxdy
.
.
.
N th moment of Area   y n dxdy

First Moment of area related to Centroid and Second related to MI

•Third or higher moment of inertia do not have much physical

significance, but mathematically it can be achieved
 WHY should we study this?
MI or the Second moment of Inertia
• Moment of Inertia refer to the resistance against the moment or
bending
• This is also known as second of moment of inertia or area moment of
inertia

My
 ; I   y 2 dxdy
I

M is applied moment ( or the moment generated due to load

y: Distance from the central axis
σ: is stress developed due to moment

• Second moment of area and mass moment of are a termed as Moment

of inertia
• From now , the term moment inertia will refer to area moment of
inertia
 Moment of Inertia by integration

• dA is the area of strip under consideration

• x is distance of the cg of the strip on x-x axis
• Now MI of the strip about the y-y axis =dA.x2

•MI of the whole area  IYY    dA.x2

• Now if y is distance of the cg of the strip on x-x axis

MI of the whole area  I XX    dA.y2

• Second moment of area about Centroidal axis
 Example 5: MI of triangle
Second moment of area about Centroidal axis
Example 5: MI of triangle
Example 5: MI of triangle
 Example 6: Centroid
MI for Circular section

d4
I xx 
64
 Example 7: Centroid

BD3 bd 3
I xx  
12 12
MI about which Axis?
 MI about which axis?
Parallel axis theorem
• This is also known as Huygens Steiner theorem
• This theory allows to calculate MI about any axis parallel to the
original axis

I AB  I G  a.h 2

IG; MI about CG ,
a: area of the section
h distance between desired axis and the CG :

•This theory allow us to calculate MI composite section (i.e. L, T I section etc)

 Example 7: Centroid
MI about which axis?
Second moment of area of a rectangular section
about bottom
 Parallel axis theorem: example 2
Determine the mi through Centroid of the angle section

xc measured from extreme end of first arm (I) and

yc measured from bottom of second arm (II)

xc 
 40  50  20  30  40  15  10  
 12.5 mm
 40  50  30  40 
yc 
 40  50  25  30  40   20  10  
 17.5 mm
 40  50  30  40 

I x  I G  a.hx2
 Home work

Determine the MI wrt to Centroid of the section

Hints: Centroid: yc =125 from bottom of the web, xc= 75 mm from left flane
(from symmetry wrt y axis)
• Polar moment of inertia(J) of a cross section can be defined as
resistance to the Torsion
Home work
• First moment of Area and moment of inertia
First moment of Area
moment of inertia
Mass moment of Inertia vs. polar moment of Inertia
 Area Moment of Inertia or Mass Moment of Inertia

Mass moment of Inertia vs. polar moment of Inertia

 if mass is considered then second moment is termed as mass moment of
Inertia (second moment of mass)

• Mass Moment of Inertia related to Newton First Law

 body remains in the state of rest or uniform motion until external force is
applied

 if considered linear motion then the resistance against the linear motion
is called mass moment of inertia

 if we considered rotation motion then the resistance against the polar

motion is termed Polar moment of Inertia
 Area Moment of Inertia or Mass Moment of Inertia

• Mass moment of inertia (also known as rotational inertia) of an

object is the resistance to change in rotational direction

• it is depends upon the distribution of the mass in the body with

respect to the axis of rotation

m1 , m2 , m3 ,..., m n are the mass differnet parts of a body

n
m1r12 , m2 , r22 m3r32 ,..., m n rn2   mi ri 2
i 1
n
Mass Moment of Inertia   mi ri 2
i 1

for single mass : mr 2

Unit: kg m2
First Moment of area
 Second moment of area

Also called moment of inertia

 Why important

• EXAMPLE: SCALE BEND

My
 ; I   y 2 dxdy
I
 Why Moment of Inertia is important

─ The moment of inertia about this axis is a measure of how difficult it is to rotate
the lamina

─ It plays the same role for rotating bodies that the mass of an object plays when
dealing with motion in a line.

─ An object with large mass needs a large force to achieve a given acceleration.
Similarly, an object with large moment of inertia needs a large turning force to
achieve a given angular acceleration.