CLIMATOLOGY

Climatology:

• study of how the building

environment & materials get
affected by the climate of a
particular region

Objective:

• in order to design buildings

suitable to the climate

• gives parameters to design

buildings appropriate to the
climate of that region.
WINDROSE
• A vector diagram of seasonal &
diurnal frequency with the wind
direction & speed

• Wind flow :
• direction %
• & velocity-m/s

• Anemometer - Meteorological
department

• Use to design building complex,

• industrial complex, sports complex

• & town planning etc.

Type of Solar Radiation
A.) DIRECT –
without any obstruction

B.) INDIRECT/ REFLECTED-

C reflected from paved
surface/ building/ CGI
A roof

B C.) DIFFUSED – through

cloud/ monsoon season
Absorption & Reflection of Solar Radiation
a- reflected from ground- 5 %
ATMOSPHER
a b c d e b- reflected from clouds - 20 %

c- absorbed in atmosphere-25 %

d- diffuse on ground- 23 %

e- direct on ground- 27 %
Total on ground – 50 %
GROUND

50 % ON GROUND
Geometry of Solar movement
Architect should familiar with
position & intensity of the Sun
through out the year for :

• To use max solar energy in cold

climate/ winter
• To protect from solar energy in
warm climate/ summer
• for day lighting in interior
• For aesthetic & hygienic purpose

It can be done by proper planning,

orientation, passive design with
respect to geometry of Sun &
Earth.
 Geometry of Solar movement
• Earth tilt – 23.5
• Rotates in 365 days in it’s orbit
• One revolution in 24 hr/ day
• Due to this, angle & direction
of Sun’s ray vary day by day

Line of cancer
N • Seasons – summer, winter,
spring, autumn
90 90
SUN • Solstice & Equinox condition
Line of Capricorn
23.5 • Summer solstice – 21 st June
21 June 21 Dec • Longest day/shortest night
SOLSTICE CONDITION • high sun angle in N hemisphere
• 84 angle at noon in Kathmandu
• Perpendicular to line of cancer
 2.4 Solar Chart & its uses
•Solar Chart i.e. Sun
path diagram

•A plot of Sun’s
position on the earth
hemisphere for any
time & day of the year

•Different latitude for

different solar charts

• 0-44 N & S given in

the book
Koeniesberger
Find out Sun’s position by 2 Solar Angles
Example:
Find Solar position in 28 N at
10 a m on 22 June:
1. Select solar chart
marked latitude 28 N
2. Select 21 June date line
3. Select 10 a m hour line
4. Intersect it
5. Read concentric circle,
altitude angle = 62
degree
6. Join centre point &
intersection point
7. Read point at perimeter,
azimuth angle = 92
degree clockwise
3.1 Solar radiation control techniques –
Natural & Artificial techniques
1. Natural techniques:
• Orientation
• Vegetation
• Water body
• Color
• Texture

2. Artificial techniques:
• External shading devices
• Internal shading devices
 3.1 Solar radiation control techniques –
vegetation

Vegetation :
• Growing plants & trees in & around
building
• Soft surface absorb heat & reflect
less
• Especially deciduous plants shades in
summer
• & allow sun light in winter
 3.2 Shading Device - External
HORIZONTAL SHADING
DEVICE:
• Effective in high Sun angle
• Effective when Sun is
opposite to the window wall

TYPE:
• ROOF OVERHANG
• BALCONY
• CANOPY
• HORIZONTAL BLADE
 3.2 Shading devices – Artificial
Internal & External

INTERNAL EXTERNAL
• CURTAIN • HORIZONTAL SHADING
• VENETIN BLIND DEVICE
• ROLLER
• VERTICAL SHADING DEVICE

• EGG-CRATE SHAPE SHADING

DEVICE
3.3 Shadow angles for shading devices:

Shadow Angles to exclude

Sun light in warm climate/
Summer creating the
shading devices:

Shading devices by
Shadow angles :
1. Horizontal shadow
angle( delta )
2. Vertical shadow angle (
ebsilent)
Shadow Angles : (Calculation)

2. Vertical shadow angle (

e)
Calculated by formula:
• tan e = tan (gamma) X
sec (delta)
• tan e = tan 62 X sec 88
• tan e = ……. X …….
• Angle e = ……. degree
1. Concept of Thermal Aspects
1.1 Heat transmission –
Conduction:
Heat transfer through a body or
bodies in direct contact
Convection:
Heat transfer through a medium gas or liquid
Radiation:
Heat transfer depends on temp of emitting &
receiving surface I e Sun & Earth.

In a building,
Conduction: through wall in direct contact

Convection: between interior & exterior

open air exchange

Radiation: through window by incidence of

solar radiation
1.2 Absorptivity & Reflectivity
& Emissivity
Absorptivity:
• A perfect black body absorb light
• & reflect none
• Absorptivity Value =1 ( 100 %)
Reflectivity:
• A perfect white body reflect light
• & absorb none
• Absorptivity Value =0
Emissivity:
• Ability of structure to emit heat
• Sun emit heat & light to Earth
1.3 Thermal Resistivity, Conductivity &
Transmittance
Thermal Conductivity (k):
• rate of heat flow through unit area of
unit thickness of the material, when
there is a unit temp difference
between two sides

• Symbol “k” (value)

• Unit=W/m deg C

• Lower the conductivity , the better

the insulation of material

• Timber, mud, brick - low conductivity

(k) value
• Concrete, CGI sheet, metal, glass -
high conductivity (k) value
Thermal Transmittance
Transmittance:
• air to air transmittance
• Also known as “U” - value
• Reciprocal of air to air resistance
(Ra-a)

• “U” – value, U =1/Ra-a

• Unit = W/sq.m deg C

• Same as Conductance (material)
• But air temp difference between
two sides of a structure (wall, roof,
etc)
Thermal Transmittance
Transmittance “U” - value :
• Used for heat loss & gain in a building
• Through wall, roof etc.
• Value given in appendix 5.2 in “ Manual of
Tropical Housing” - Koenigsberger
• But Calculation need to know heat
transfer by different construction
“U” - value:
(appendix 5.2 in “ Manual of Tropical Housing” –
Koenigsberger)
Brick wall:
• Unplastered 110 mm = 3.64 W/sq m deg C
• Plastered in & out 230 = 2.44 W/sq m deg C
• With cavity 280 =1.7 W/sq m deg C
Roof:
• CGI sheet on battens = 8.52 W/sq m deg C
Surface Resistance & Conductance
Surface Resistance (1/f ):
• Resistance offered by thin surface layer
• Of internal & external surface of a
structure (wall/floor/roof, ceiling)
• When heat flow in a body

Surface Conductance (f):

• Reciprocal of surface resistance

• In thermal transmittance, overall air to

air resistance (Ra) of a body,
R a= 1/fi +Rb+ 1/fo
Where,
• 1/fi= internal surface resistance
• R = resistance of a body
b

• 1/f = external surface resistance

o

• Wall - 1/f i = 0.123 sq m deg C/W

• Wall - 1/f o = 0.076 sq m deg C/W

• Value given in appendix 5.2 in “Manual of

Tropical Housing” - Koenigsberger
2.3 Thermal Transmittance – wall, roof
Calculation of Transmittance
“U” – value:
• Need to calculate “U” - value if you design
composite wall, roof, floor
• If value not given in a book
• To know heat transfer by your structure
• Compare it with other
• Less U value better thermal performance

“U” – value air to air Transmittance :

U =1/Ra-a

• R a-a = air to air resistance

• R a-a= 1/fi +Rb+ 1/fo
Where,
• 1/fi = internal surface resistance
• Rb = resistance of a body
• 1/fo = external surface resistance
 1.4 Sol-air temperature
• Useful for building design
• Heating effect of solar radiation
on a building
• With effect of warm air
• Surface temp increase the air
temp
Ts = To + (I x a) / fo
Where,
• Ts = Sol-air temp in Celsius
• To = outside air temp in Celsius
• I = Solar intensity, W/sq.m
• a = absorbance of surface
• fo = Surface conductance,
in W/ sq.m x C
 1.4 Solar gain factor
• Define as the heat flow rate through
the construction due to solar radiation
expressed as a fraction of the incident
ray.
• From Sol-air equation,
Ts –To = (I x a) / fo
• Extra heat flow rate(q) per unit area
by solar radiation:
Q = (I x a) / fo x U (in W/sq m)
Then, solar gain factor is:
Q/ I = (a x U) / fo (no dimension)
• This value increase in inner surface
temp
Solar Gain Factor for:
• warm humid climate = 0.04
• hot dry climate = 0.03
2.1 Heat gain & Heat loss in a building
Heat exchange process in a
room
• In equation; Qi +Qs +- Qc +-Qv +-Qm -Qe = 0
(i.e. nearly 20 deg C Room temp)

Where,

• Qi = internal heat gain from human

body, lamps +
• Qs = Solar heat gain through walls,
openings, roof etc +
• Qc = conduction of heat gain or loss
20 deg from inside to outside or vice versa +-
C • Qv = heat exchange by ventilation +-
• Qm = heat flow from mechanical
devices like fan, heater +-
• Qe = heat loss gain by evaporation
from roof -
2.2Thermal balance in a room
Thermal unbalance in a room, when
equation </> 0,
20 deg C
• If Qi +Qs +- Qc +-Qv +-Qm -Qe > 0
• i.e. +1, +2…
• heat gain then temp rises up
• from 20 deg C to 21,22,23,25…
• room warms…….during summer

• If Qi +Qs +- Qc +-Qv +-Qm -Qe < 0 i.e. -1, -

2….
• heat loss then temp falls down
• from deg C 20, to 19, 18,17……
• room cools…during winter

• Then thermal unbalance in a room

• Architect should create thermal comfort
in any climate / season
• How?????????
 2.5 Time lag (φ) & Decrement factor
Time lag:
• During 24 hrs, temp cycle changes
max to min
• In outdoor & indoor

• Time lag- the time difference

between temp of outdoor max to
indoor max.(fig)
• represented by φ

• also called phase shift

• calculated from general
experiments
2.5 Decrement factor

Decrement factor:
• Ratio
• T I max to To max
• DF = T I max/To max
• Taken from daily mean
• Within 24 hrs
3.3 Thermal Control Techniques in hot climate
(Hot arid & Warm- humid)
DESIGN OBJECTIVE:
• To prevent heat gain
• To max heat loss
• Remove excess heat by
cooling methods

Thermal Control Techniques:

1. ARCHITECTURAL TECHNIQUE
(PASSIVE & STRUCTURAL)
2. NATURAL CONTROL
3. ACTIVE CONTROL
1.) ARCHITECTURAL TECHNIQUE ( PASSIVE &
STRUCTURAL) Orientation:
• opposite to Sun
• N, NE,NW

Planning:
• open & free in warm humid
• & courtyard in hot arid

Openings:
• big, moderate for cross ventilation with
shading device in warm humid climate,
• double glazed &
• air tight in hot arid climate

External surface:
• with solar absorptive surface,
• Soft surface with greenery, grass, etc
• Water body- pool, pond, fountain
Wall:
• cavity/ multilayer/ massive
• with low U value
1.) ARCHITECTURAL TECHNIQUE ( PASSIVE &
STRUCTURAL)
Roof:
• Attic as buffer space,
• false ceiling,
• d. roofing,
• insulated flat roof

Low U value:
• construction using of light weight insulated
material
• wood wool, mineral wool
• in wall, roof, floor etc
• Min heat exchange from these
construction
• From inside to outside or vice versa

Shading device:
• max use of internal (curtain, blind, sp glass)
• & external shading devices (vertical,
horizontal & egg crate)
2.) NATURAL CONTROL TECHNIQUE
3.) ACTIVE CONTROL
2.) NATURAL CONTROL TECHNIQUE
Passive design:
• Passive cooling by roof shading, wind tower, wind tunnel
etc
Color:
• light & bright in roof & wall

Texture:
• smooth texture in roof & wall

Vegetation:
• Max Greenery in & around building to protect from Sun

Water body:
• Max fountain & pool in & around building for cooling
purpose

3.) ACTIVE CONTROL:

• If above technique also fail to control thermal
performance
• then AC, fan, cooler etc should be used
• as mechanical device for thermal control
• For short time period
 3.5 Thermal Resistance & Insulation

Advantages of thermal insulation:

Comfort:
• keeps room cool in summer
• & warm in winter

Energy saving:
• Heat transfer min
• & no or less energy
• required for desired temp for
thermal comfort

Prevention of Condensation:
• prevention of moisture
deposition in interior wall, ceiling
etc
Thermal Insulating material
Insulation board:
• 2.5x 60x 120 cm board
• of cork sheet, mineral wool, saw
dust, asbestos cement etc
• fixed to wall/ roof

Insulation blanket:
• roll of mineral wool, wood fibre,
cotton,
• etc 12-80 mm thick
• fixed on wall/ ceiling
 Shelters in Terai region of Nepal
Characteristics of climate:
• Sub tropical composite climate with
• Hot -arid: Chaitra – Jestha
• Warm-Humid: Ashad – Bhadra during
Monsoon season
• Cool : Mansir – Magh
• Favorable : Ashoj, Kartik, Falgun

• Altitude: <1200m
• Temp: >3o deg C summer day
nearly 16 C winter day
Diurnal & annual temp variation high
Diurnal range = min 10 deg C
Annual range > 20 C

• Sky condition: mostly cloudy in monsoon,

p cloudy in winter
& clear in summer
• Humidity: high during monsoon
season>70% day time (day)
< 50% low in other season (day)
• Rain fall: high during monsoon
season > 1200 mm annual
• Vegetation: grow quickly
 Shelters in Terai region of Nepal
Design requirement :
• Include solar radiation in building during winter
• Exclude solar radiation in building during
summer
• Remove hot air through wall, floor, window &
roof in long summer by fresh ventilation

Building design :
• Orientation: towards E & W for living spaces
bad SW
• Planning:
courtyard type traditional settlement with
attached type buildings
Single row room with cross ventilation
winter Sun should be admitted & Summer Sun
excluded with deciduous trees, shading device

• Opening: moderate size with shading device & d

glazing recommended
• Roof: slope/flat & light with insulation for rain
water off & protect heat
• Floor height: high > 9’ to escape hot air from top
ventilation
Shelters in Terai region of Nepal

• Cross ventilation in every living space to reduce

temp
• Gallery/ corridor system recommended in school,
hospital etc.

Passive design:
• Cavity, multilayer, massive wall & roof
• False ceiling, suspended floor
• Attic as buffer space highly recommended

• Color: bright & white in roof & wall

• Texture: smooth texture in roof & wall

• Vegetation: for shade & cool breeze in & around
building
• Water body: integrate pool, fountain in & around
to create cool environment

• Passive cooling: Trombe wall, roof pond, solar

chimney, inverted earthen pots, vegetation on roof,
EAT system recommended
Shelters in Hilly & Kathmandu valley
Characteristics of climate:
• Warm temparate climate with
• Hot -arid: Chaitra – Jestha
• Warm-Humid: Ashad – Bhadra during Monsoon
season
• Cool : Mansir – Magh
• Favourable : Ashoj, Kartik, Falgun

• Location: Kathmandu, Pokhara

• Altitude: >1200m – 2100 m

• Temp: 24- 30 deg C summer day

5 - 10 C winter day
• Sky : mostly cloudy in monsoon, p cloudy in
winter & clear in summer
• Humidity: high during monsoon
season>70% day time
< 50% low in other season
• Rain fall: high during monsoon
season > 1000 mm annual
• Vegetation: grow quickly
 Shelters in Hilly region & Kathmandu
valley
Design requirement :
• Include solar radiation in building during
winter
• Exclude solar radiation in building during
summer

Building design :
• Orientation: towards S,SE, SW for living
spaces & bad N
• Location: on southern slope of hill as
traditional vernacular architecture

• Planning: compact settlement with

attached or detached type buildings
winter Sun should be admitted & Summer
Sun excluded with deciduous trees &
shading device
• Opening: towards S, SE, SW & moderate
size with shading device & d glazing

• Roof: slope & light with insulation for rain

water off & protect cold
• Floor height: low height not high as Terai <
9’
Shelters in Hilly & Kathmandu valley

Passive design:
• Cavity, multilayer, massive wall & roof
• False ceiling, suspended floor
• Attic as buffer space highly
recommended

• Color: dark & dull in roof & wall

• Texture: rough texture in roof & wall

• Vegetation: only to protect cool breeze

around building

• Passive heating & cooling: Trombe wall,

roof pond, solar chimney recommended
 Shelters in Mountain region
Design requirement :
• Max solar radiation in building
• Protect from cold breeze from North
• Use max internal heat
• Min heat loss from building

Building design :
• Orientation: towards S,SE, SW for living
spaces & bad towards N
• Location: on southern slope of foot hill as
traditional vernacular architecture

• Planning: compact settlement with

courtyard type buildings to protect cold
breeze
• Opening: towards S & moderate size with
double glazing
• Roof: slope & light with insulation for snow
• In Mustang, multilayer flat roof used due to
low rainfall & used to store timber & dry off
agro products
• Floor height: low height < 7’ for energy
conservation
Shelters in Mountain region
• Kitchen or fire place locate in centre of
building to warm up all around
• Recommended buffer space between living
space & external space I e vestibule & attic

Passive design:
• Cavity, multilayer, massive wall & roof
• False ceiling, suspended floor
• Attic as buffer space highly recommended
• Earth shelter recommended with North side
natural earthen wall

• Color: dark & dull in roof & wall

• Texture: rough texture in roof & wall

• Vegetation: only to protect cool breeze
around building

• Passive heating : Trombe wall, solar chimney

recommended
PASSIVE DESIGN -TROMBE WALL
 Terminology
• Focus/Hypocenter: The point from
which the wave first emanate from or
the fracture begins

• Epicenter: The point on the ground

surface just above the focus.

• Scale:
a) Richter scale (according to
seismogram)
b) Modified Mercalli scale (I-XII)-
according to EQ Magnitude & its
effect/damaged
Historical Background of EQ in & near Nepal:

EQ Year Magnitude/ Intensity Effected Area

• Nepal 13 th century Kathmandu

• Cutch 1819 M-8.3 West India1500 dead
• Nepal 1834 M-7.8/I-9 Kathmandu &Bihar, India
• Assam 1897 M-8.7 Assam of India
• Kangra 1905 M-8.6/I-10 Kangra, India 19000 dead
• Nepal 1934 (BS1990 sal)M-8.4/I-10 Kathmandu & Bihar, India
10600 dead, huge damage
• Assam 1950 M-8.7/ I-12 Assam &Tibet, huge damage
• Nepal 1988 M-6.6/I-8 Kathmandu & Sikkim, India
• Nepal 2011 M-6.6 Kathmandu & Sikkim, India

Every 100 years- 8 Richter scale in Nepal

Every 50 years- 5-6 Richter scale in Nepal
 The Himalayan Seismic Belt
 Nepal is located in one of the most seismically active region
of the world,
 It has been hit by devastating earthquakes
 A few regions along the Himalayan belt are awaiting for large
earthquake - seismic gap
 Recent one: Sikkim Earthquake
EQ Disaster depends upon:
1. Magnitude of EQ

2. Location of epicenter

3. Focal depth (Time)

4. Geographic condition

5. Type of structure/Building

6. Vulnerability & Response of

structure/Building

7. Population density

8. Rescue operation & Emergency

management.

9. Climatic Condition (rain)/Time

(day/night)

10. Response of people

A) Architecture
• Handshake buildings –
vulnerable due to CG in
high level

• light materials should use

in roof

• Building should properly

design for EQ resistance
as in figure
A) Architecture
• all part of building
should tie

• by tie beams, lintel band,

shear walls

• stiffly braced at corners

such a way that whole
structure tend to move
as a single unit

• like Pisa of Italy

A) Architecture
B) Structural • As live load, dead load & wind
load,
• seismic load should calculate
• to resist seismic force i.e. EQ
• Foundation design (combined
footing/ raft/pile) according to
soil characters
• RCC work prefer to M20 grade
concrete
• i.e. according to ratio design
1:1.5:3 ratio of cement: sand:
Coarse aggregate
B) Structural • In practice, 4@12 mm bars in
column size 9”x 9”(230x230) may
be sufficient for vertical load in
residence
• but incapable to resist bending
moment (especially if column
span 4.5 m & height 3.6m)
• In RCC structure, stirrups (ring)
should be closed with 135-degree
hook with 10 times the o-ring bar
(3”)
• concealed beam (extra bar in slab
instead of beam depth to avoid
beam)
• bad practice for EQ resistance
IN LOAD BEARING SYSTEM
STONE/ BRICK MASONRY
HITECH TECHNOLOGY - BASE ISOLATION & SHOCK
- SEPARATION OF FOUNDATION & SUPER STRUCTURE
- IN DEVELOPED COUNTRY - JAPAN
System of Ventilation
1) Natural Ventilation
2) Artificial Ventilation

Natural Ventilation:
• Natural wind effect –
direction & velocity of wind
in & around buildings

• Stack effect – ventilation by

duct arrangement
System of Ventilation
Artificial Ventilation:
(Mechanical System)

• Exhaust system– creation of

vacuum in a space by
exhaust fan to remove
smoke, dust, odors
especially in kitchen, bath,
factory, lab etc

• Air-conditioning– ventilation
by mechanical device AC
Stack effect – ventilation by duct arrangement
WIND MOVEMENT IN & AROUND BUILDINGS -
EFFECT OF BUILDING SHAPE (PLAN)

_ _
+ +

ROUND PLAN

_
+
EFFECT OF TALL BUILDING

BETTER

POOR

Canopy

+
If 109 km/hr
5m
76 kg/sq m

Low bldg cause strong wind

PROTECTION FROM WIND
- Sandy wind - in desert region
PROTECTION FROM WIND
- COLD/STRONG/SANDY
INTERNAL COMFORT

Visual
comfort Noise

Air Thermal
quality comfort
Humidity

What is comfort?
INTERNAL COMFORT
Mental comfort
• feeling of a person

• it depends upon living

condition
(palace/bungalow/hut)

• behavior (habit) of person

or his life style
THERMAL COMFORT
In a space/room:
• Heat gain = heat loss
• Heat gain – heat loss=0 i.e. 20 C+- 2 C (Room temp)

• In equation; Q +Q +- Q +-Q +-Q -Q = 0 (i.e. 20 C

Room temp)

– Q = internal heat gain from human body, lamps

– Q = Solar heat gain through walls, openings, roof etc
– Q = conduction of heat gain or loss from inside to
outside or vice versa
– Q = heat exchange by ventilation
– Q = heat flow from mechanical devices like fan, heater
– Q = heat loss gain by evaporation from roof

• Q +Q +- Q +-Q +-Q -Q > 0 i.e. +1, +2… heat gain then

temp rises up 20 C to 21,22,23,25…

• Q +Q +- Q +-Q +-Q -Q < 0 i.e. -1, -2…. heat loss then

temp falls down from 20, to 19, 18,17
THERMAL COMFORT
In human body:
• Heat gain = Heat loss
• Heat gain – Heat loss=0 i.e. 37C/98 F
(deep body temp)
• Heat gain= Metabolism + conduction
+ Convection + Radiation
• Heat loss= Evaporation + conduction
+ Convection + Radiation

Then the thermal balance in a body exist

when thermal equation :
• +Metabolism +- conduction +-
Convection +-Radiation – Evaporation
= 0 (37 C deep body temp)
SPACE PSYCOLOGY (Volume, area, circulation according
to anthropometrics of human body)

Volume:
• Lecture hall = 3.5-4.5 cu m
/person
• Cinema/concert hall = 4-5.5 cu m
/person

Area:
• Classroom = 0.6-2 sq m /person
• Bed = min.12 sq m
• M. bed = min.15 sq m

Height:
• Residence = min 8 ft. or 2.4 m. in
Kathmandu
• Residence = min 10 ft. or 3 m in Terai
• Office = min.10 ft or 3 m
PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT (Color, texture, interior
design) • very essential for the mental & emotional
well-being

• In a built space, volume of a space, color

combination, light & furniture arrangement
effect to create mood of a person

• Comfort Color: sky blue, green, pink or

pleasing colors of individual person
• Discomfort Color: red, yellow, too bright or
too dark &
• unpleasing colors of individual person

• In hot climate, spaces: cool appearance with

cool colors.

• In cold climate, spaces: warm appearance

with combination of warm colors.
BUILDINGS FOR HIGH HUMIDITY (RH>80%)

• Need single row room with

both side openings for
cross-ventilation

• Openings & long wall -

towards windward
direction

• Living space - in raised level

• Openings - large size with

shading devices
BUILDINGS FOR LOW HUMIDITY (RH<40%)
• Courtyard type housing with
inward looking building

• with greenery & water body

to balance RH

• Openings should be small

size in outside (street)

• moderate size inward

looking in courtyard type
housing
SURFACE CONDENSATION
• If the air comes contact
with a surface
• having a temp less than
dew-point temp for the
particular air,
• familiar occurrence

Surface Condensation
appear:
• on a bathroom mirror
• in a kitchen
• beer bottle
By using exhaust fan

By using exhaust fan:

• in kitchen, bath, lab

• moisture removed by
exhaust fan

• to replace by dry
outside air
By using moisture barrier

• polyethylene sheet,
insulation papers,
aluminum foils

• Bitumen/asphalt

• used to protect from

vapor
PURPOSE OF LOCAL BY-LAWS, BUILDING RULE,
REGULATION & STANDARDS
BY-LAWS=Second law or rules for local
government (municipality)

• To plan urban area or settlement systematically

• according to population, population growth & physical

infrastructure

• To control urbanization according to urban

development planning (Nagar Bikash)

• To design & construct buildings according to comfort,

safety considering Sunlight, ventilation, sanitation,
min requirement of space, fire safety, etc.

• To use new territory for future expansion for urban

development.
PURPOSE OF LOCAL BY-LAWS, BUILDING RULE,
REGULATION & STANDARDS
• To conserve architecture, monument,
heritage, culture, history, tradition of a
town or country

• To develop physical infrastructure as per

carrying capacity of town

• To solve problems & drawbacks of past,

present of municipality & change By-laws
as per time

• To create aesthetic value of a town, street,

building etc (Paris, Bhaktapur etc.)
AGENDA TO FULLFIL ABOVE PURPOSE OF LOCAL BY-LAWS,
BUILDING RULE, REGULATION & STANDARDS

Rules & regulation:

• For comfort & safety of buildings i.e. light,

ventilation, space, volume, area, height,

• setbacks, FAR, ground coverage, light

plane, built up area, Sunshade, open
space, plot size, etc.

• Rules & regulation for architecture style,

building materials, construction
technology etc
DRAWBACKS OF LOCAL BY-LAWS ( Kathmandu
& Lalitpur metropolitan city):
• Min. hours Sunlight penetration in living space i.e.
min 2 hours Sunlight in bed, living, kitchen etc.

• Fire safety i.e. emergency evacuation process, entry

& exit, fire stair, side of door openings, material use,
construction technology, etc

• especially in institutional, commercial (cinema,

theatre), industrial buildings.

• Criteria for EQ resistance building design &

construction (except Kathmandu & Lalitpur sub-
metropolitan city)

• Green city concept - Bicycle lane, Green belt, parks,

• Kinder garten, school, hospital, market according to
population density, distance in each area
DRAWBACKS OF LOCAL BY-LAWS ( Kathmandu
& Lalitpur metropolitan city):
• Min. standard size of apartment, residence according
to size of family, age of child etc. ( 1 family = 1000 sq ft)

• Lighting level in space ( Bed= 100 Lux)

• Noise level = < 60 dB in residential zone
• Cross ventilation in a room in Terai region

• Lack of rules & regulation for comfort & safety in

building design & construction as well as town
planning

• Problem to implementation of existing By-laws due to

lack of awareness & carelessness.