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Maths ODE

This document contains information about an ordinary differential equations (ODE) class, including a list of 3 students enrolled in the class with their names, enrollment numbers, and roll numbers. It then provides definitions and examples of ODEs and partial differential equations. It also discusses types of solutions to differential equations, including general and particular solutions. Finally, it outlines several methods for solving different types of ODEs, such as linear, homogeneous, exact, and Bernoulli's equations.

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Bhagirath sinh Zala
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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322 views

Maths ODE

This document contains information about an ordinary differential equations (ODE) class, including a list of 3 students enrolled in the class with their names, enrollment numbers, and roll numbers. It then provides definitions and examples of ODEs and partial differential equations. It also discusses types of solutions to differential equations, including general and particular solutions. Finally, it outlines several methods for solving different types of ODEs, such as linear, homogeneous, exact, and Bernoulli's equations.

Uploaded by

Bhagirath sinh Zala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHS -2 ( 3110015 ) PPT

Mechanical ( J3 )
Ordinary differential equations
Name Enrolment Roll number
number
z
Virdiya krushit .c 180430119123 2101

Zala 180430119124 2102


Bhagirathsinh .v
Zala 180430119125 2103
Divyarajsinh .s
* Definitions *
z

 If derivatives depends on only one independent


variable , then differential equation containing it is
called Ordinary Differential Equation ( ODE ) .
 Ex , d2s / dt2 + k ds /dt + mg = 0

 If derivatives depends on more than one


independent variable , then differential equation
containing it is called Partial differential equation (
PDE )
 Ex , d2u /dx2 + d2u /dy2 = 0
z
* Types of solutions *

 The General solution of a differential equation is the


set of all solutions .
 Ex , y” + y = 0 has general solution y = a cosx + b
sinx , a&b is arbitrary constants .
 Particular solution of a differential equation is any
one solution .
 ex , y = 3 cosx + 2 sinx is the Particular solution of

y” + y = 0 .
•• * Linear First Order ODE * ••
z
→ A differential equation is called Linear if dependent
variable and its derivatives are present in first degree .
→ Ex , d2y / dx2 + dy / dx + y = sinx , is a second order
linear differential equation .

•• * Initial value problems ( IVP ) * ••


→ A Differential equation y’ = f (x , y ) , y( x 0 ) = y0 is
called IVP .
z
*Variable separable method *

 Suppose the equation can be reduced in the following


form by applying purely algebric operations .
, h ( y ) y’ = f ( x )
Interegrating both sides with respect to x ,
h ( y ) dy / dx • dx = f (x ) dx + c
→→ h (y) dy = f (x) dx + c
z
* Homogeneous First Order ODE *

 A differential equation M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x ,y ) dy =0
is Said to be Homogeneous differential equation if , M
( x , y ) & N ( x ,y ) are Homogeneous function of
same degree .
 The solution can be obtained by substitute in

y = vx → dy / dx = v + x ( dv / dx ) ,
which turns into variable separable form .
* Exact Differential Equation *
z
 A first order ODE M( x,y ) dx + N( x,y ) dy = 0 is called an
exact differential equation if there exists some functions
u( x,y ) , which has continuous first & second Partial
derivatives such that , M( x,y )dx + N( x,y )dy = du
= (del u / del x) dx + (del u / del y) dy
 A differential equation M ( x,y ) dx + N ( x,y ) dy = 0 is
Exact if and only if M ( x,y ) and N ( x,y ) have continuous
Partial derivatives and
del M / del y = del N / delx .
z
* Integrating Factor *

 For a non exact DE , M( x,y )dx + N( x,y )dy = 0 micro


( x,y ) such that
M( x,y )dx + micro N( x,y )dy = 0
Becomes as exact DE , then micro (x,y) is called an
Integrating Factor ( IF ) of given DE .
z

 * Non exact Homogeneous DE *


 Case 1 : Let M( x,y )dx + N( x,y )dy = 0 is a non
exact DE . If Mx + Ny ≠ 0 and the equation is a
Homogeneous , then
IF = 1 / Mx + Ny
z
 * Non exact DE of the form

f1 ( xy ) y dx + f2 ( xy ) x dy = 0 *
 Case 2 : Let M( x,y )dx + N( x,y )dy = 0 is a non
exact DE . If Mx - Ny ≠ 0 and the equation can be
expressed in the form ,
f1 ( xy ) y dx + f2 ( xy ) x dy = 0
then , IF = 1 / Mx – Ny
* Non-Exact DE Whose IF Is Function of x only *
z
Case 3 : Let M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 is Non-Exact DE,
If 1/N ( delM/ dely – delN/ delx) = f(x) , then
IF = e f(x) dx
* Non-Exact DE Whose IF Is Function of y only *
Case 4 : Let M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 is non-exact DE ,
IF 1/M (delN/ delx – delM/ dely) = g(y) , then
IF = e g(y) dy
z
* Non-Exact DE whose IF is of the form xh yk

 Case 5 : Let M( x,y ) dx + N( x,y ) dy = 0 is Non-Exact


DE . If the equation can be expressed as
xa yb ( my dx + nx dy ) + xc yd ( py dx + qx dy ) = 0
;a ,b, c, d , m, ,n,p,q are constants and m , n , p, q ≠ 0
then
IF = xh yk
* Linear equation *
 This section
z deals with the class of first order ODE ,
which is known as linear equations .
 A first order ODE of the form a1(x)y’ + a0(x)y = g(x) is
called LDE ; a1(x) ≠ 0 .
 standard form as , y’ + P(x)y = Q(x)

 If Q(x) = 0 , by separating variable method can be used

 If Q(x) ≠ 0 , consider M = P(x)y – Q(x) and N = 1 then

1/N ( dM/dy – dN/dx ) = P(x) → IF = e p(x) dx


z
* Bernoulli’s equation *

 This section will lead to the solution of special types of


nonlinear equation by reducing into linear form . This
equation is Bernoulli’s equation .

 A first order differential equation of the form

y’ + P(x)y = Q(x) ya ; a is some real number .


* First Order Equation with higher degree *
z

* Non linear differential equation solvable for p

* Non Linear DE solvable for x

* Non Linear DE solvable for y

* Non Linear DE which not contain y

*Non Linear DE which it Homogeneous in x And y


* Clairauts theoram *
z
 The DE of the form , y = px + f(p) , is called clairauts
equation
 Differentiate the equation with respect to x , then

p = p + x ( dp/dx ) + f’ (p) (dp/dx) so ,


( x + f’ (p) )( dp/dx ) = 0
F’ (p) = 0 & dp/dx = 0 → p = c → y = cx
→ the General solution is , y = cx + f (c) ; c is arbitrary
constant
z

Thank you
Have a nice day

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