LECTURE: 2

ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

• THE CONVERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY FIELDS THAT SIGNIFICANTLY ADVANCED AND

CONTRIBUTED TO THE ADVENT OF CLOUD COMPUTING
• HARDWARE (VIRTUALIZATION, MULTI-CORE CHIPS)
• INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES (WEB SERVICES, SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURES, WEB 2.0)
• DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING (CLUSTERS, GRIDS)
• SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT (AUTONOMIC COMPUTING, DATA CENTER AUTOMATION)
• A SPECIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION PROCESS FOLLOWED
• LEADING TO MATURITY AND WIDE ADOPTION
 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

• FROM MAINFRAMES TO CLOUDS

• SOA, WEB SERVICES
• GRID COMPUTING
• UTILITY COMPUTING
• HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION
• AUTONOMIC COMPUTING
 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING (CONT.)

Hardware

Hardware Virtualization
Multi-core chips

Internet Technologies
Distributed Computing

SOA
Utility & Web 2.0
Cloud
Grid Web Services
Computing
Computing Mashups

Autonomic Computing
Data Center Automation

Systems Management
 FROM MAINFRAMES TO CLOUDS

• IN PAST, COMPANIES OFFERED COMMON DATA PROCESSING TASKS

MAINFRAMES WERE USED TO SERVE DOZENS OF APPLICATIONS
• TODAY MAINFRAMES ARE REPLACED BY FAST AND INEXPENSIVE MICROPROCESSORS
• FAST FIBER-OPTICS NETWORKS HAVE HELPED SHARING OF COMPUTER POWER OVER GREAT DISTANCES
• FROM IN-HOUSE GENERATED COMPUTING POWER INTO UTILITY-SUPPLIED COMPUTING RESOURCES
DELIVERED OVER THE INTERNET AS WEB SERVICES
• ON DEMAND DELIVERY OF INFRASTRUCTURE, APPLICATIONS, AND BUSINESS PROCESSES IN A SECURITY-RICH, SHARED,
SCALABLE, AND BASED COMPUTER ENVIRONMENT OVER THE INTERNET FOR A FEE

• CONSUMERS CAN ATTAIN REDUCTION ON IT-RELATED COSTS

• CHOOSING TO OBTAIN CHEAPER SERVICES FROM EXTERNAL PROVIDERS VS. HEAVILY INVESTING ON IT INFRASTRUCTURE
AND PERSONNEL HIRING
 FROM MAINFRAMES TO CLOUDS
(CONT.)

• THE “ON-DEMAND” COMPONENT OF THIS MODEL ALLOWS CONSUMERS TO ADAPT THEIR IT USAGE
TO RAPIDLY INCREASING OR UNPREDICTABLE COMPUTING NEEDS

• PROVIDERS OF IT SERVICES ACHIEVE BETTER OPERATIONAL COSTS

• HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE INFRASTRUCTURES ARE BUILT TO PROVIDE MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS AND
SERVE MANY USERS
• INCREASING EFFICIENCY AND ULTIMATELY LEADING TO FASTER RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) AS
WELL AS LOWER TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO)
 FROM MAINFRAMES TO CLOUDS
(CONT.)

• THE UNAVAILABILITY OF EFFICIENT COMPUTER NETWORKS CAUSED IT INFRASTRUCTURE

TO BE HOSTED IN PROXIMITY
• PREVENTING THE UTILITY COMPUTING REALITY OF TAKING PLACE ON MODERN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

• NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENABLING SHARING OF COMPUTING POWER OVER GREAT

DISTANCES HAVE APPEARED
• THE POTENTIAL OF DELIVERING COMPUTING SERVICES WITH THE HIGH SPEED AND RELIABILITY TO
OFFER COMPUTING SERVICES WITH A FRACTION OF COSTS FOR A COMPANY TO GENERATE ITS
OWN COMPUTING POWER
 SOA, WEB SERVICES, WEB 2.0, AND MASHUPS

• WEB SERVICES (WS) MAKE INFORMATION FROM ONE APPLICATION AVAILABLE TO OTHERS
• CREATION OF WS ON TOP OF COMMON TECHNOLOGIES LIKE HTTP MAKES THEM IDEAL
FOR IMPLEMENTING SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE (SOA)
• SOA ADDRESSES REQUIREMENTS OF STANDARD-BASED AND PROTOCOL-INDEPENDENT
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
• IN SOA, SOFTWARE RESOURCES ARE PACKAGED AS SERVICES WHICH ARE INDEPENDENT
FROM CONTEXT OF OTHER SERVICES
 SOA, WEB SERVICES, WEB 2.0, AND
MASHUPS

• WEB SERVICES CAN GLUE TOGETHER APPLICATIONS RUNNING ON DIFFERENT MESSAGING

PRODUCT PLATFORMS
• ENABLING INFORMATION FROM ONE APPLICATION TO BE MADE AVAILABLE TO OTHERS
• ENABLING INTERNAL APPLICATIONS TO BE MADE AVAILABLE OVER THE INTERNET

• A RICH WS SOFTWARE STACK HAS BEEN SPECIFIED AND STANDARDIZED

• DESCRIBE, COMPOSE, AND ORCHESTRATE SERVICES
• PACKAGE AND TRANSPORT MESSAGES BETWEEN SERVICES
• PUBLISH AND DISCOVER SERVICES
• REPRESENT QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) PARAMETERS
• ENSURE SECURITY IN SERVICE ACCESS
 SOA, WEB SERVICES, WEB 2.0, AND
MASHUPS (CONT.)

• WS STANDARDS HAVE BEEN CREATED ON TOP OF HTTP AND XML

• PROVIDING A COMMON MECHANISM FOR DELIVERING SERVICES
• MAKING THEM IDEAL FOR IMPLEMENTING A SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE (SOA)
• SOA ADDRESSES REQUIREMENTS OF LOOSELY COUPLED, STANDARDS-BASED, AND
PROTOCOL-INDEPENDENT DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
• SOFTWARE RESOURCES ARE PACKAGED AS “SERVICES”
• PROVIDE STANDARD BUSINESS FUNCTIONALITY
• INDEPENDENT OF THE STATE OR CONTEXT OF OTHER SERVICES
• DESCRIBED IN A STANDARD DEFINITION LANGUAGE
• HAVE A PUBLISHED INTERFACE
 SOA, WEB SERVICES, WEB 2.0, AND
MASHUPS (CONT.)
• WS ENABLES THE CREATION OF POWERFUL SERVICES THAT CAN BE ACCESSED ON-DEMAND,
IN A UNIFORM WAY
• THEIR TRUE POWER RESIDES IN ITS INTERFACE BEING ACCESSIBLE BY OTHER SERVICES
• AN ENTERPRISE APPLICATION FOLLOWING THE SOA PARADIGM IS A COLLECTION OF SERVICES TO
PERFORM COMPLEX BUSINESS LOGIC TOGETHER
• IN THE CONSUMER WEB, INFORMATION AND SERVICES MAY BE PROGRAMMATICALLY
AGGREGATED
• ACTING AS BUILDING BLOCKS OF COMPLEX COMPOSITIONS, CALLED SERVICE MASHUPS
• MANY SERVICE PROVIDERS MAKE THEIR SERVICE APIS PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE USING STANDARD
PROTOCOLS LIKE SOAP AND REST
• AMAZON, DEL.ICIO.US, FACEBOOK, AND GOOGLE
• ONE CAN REALIZE A FULLY FUNCTIONAL WEB APPLICATION INTO PRACTICE JUST BY GLUING PIECES
WITH FEW LINES OF CODE
 SOA, WEB SERVICES, WEB 2.0, AND
MASHUPS (CONT.)

• SAAS CLOUD APPLICATIONS CAN BE BUILT AS COMPOSITIONS OF OTHER SERVICES FROM

THE SAME OR DIFFERENT PROVIDERS
• SERVICES LIKE USER AUTHENTICATION, E-MAIL, PAYROLL MANAGEMENT, AND CALENDARS ARE
EXAMPLES
• CAN BE REUSED AND COMBINED IN A BUSINESS SOLUTION
• MANY BUILDING BLOCKS AND SOLUTIONS ARE NOW AVAILABLE IN PUBLIC MARKETPLACES
• POPULAR APIS ARE COMBINED TO PRODUCE A VARIETY OF INTERESTING SOLUTIONS
• GOOGLE MAPS, FLICKR, YOUTUBE, AMAZON ECOMMERCE, AND TWITTER
• FROM FINDING VIDEO GAME RETAILERS TO WEATHER MAPS
 GRID COMPUTNG

• ENABLES TRANSPARENT ACCESS TO DISTRIBUTED RESOURCES

• FOCUS ON SPEEDING UP A BROAD RANGE OF SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS
• WEB SERVICES-BASED PROTOCOLS WHICH HELP DISCOVERING, ALLOCATING DISTRIBUTED
RESOURCES
• MANAGED AS A SINGLE VIRTUAL SYSTEM
• VAILABILITY OF RESOURCES WITH DIVERSE SOFTWARE CONFIGURATIONS
• CAUSES A PORTABILITY BARRIER
 GRID COMPUTING

• MOST PRODUCTION GRIDS SHARE COMPUTE AND STORAGE RESOURCES DISTRIBUTED

ACROSS DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATIVE DOMAINS
• E.G., TERAGRID AND EGEE
• FOCUS ON BEING SPEEDING UP A BROAD RANGE OF SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS

• BUILD STANDARD WEB SERVICES-BASED PROTOCOLS

• ALLOW DISTRIBUTED RESOURCES TO BE DISCOVERED, ACCESSED, ALLOCATED, MONITORED,
ACCOUNTED FOR, AND BILLED FOR, ETC.
• IN GENERAL MANAGED AS A SINGLE VIRTUAL SYSTEM
• OPEN GRID SERVICES ARCHITECTURE (OGSA) DEFINES A SET OF CORE CAPABILITIES AND BEHAVIORS
THAT ADDRESS KEY CONCERNS IN GRID SYSTEMS
 GRID COMPUTING (CONT.)

• GLOBUS TOOLKIT IS A MIDDLEWARE

• IMPLEMENTS SEVERAL STANDARD GRID SERVICES
• AIDED THE DEPLOYMENT OF SEVERAL SERVICE-ORIENTED GRID INFRASTRUCTURES AND
APPLICATIONS
• TOOLS ARE AVAILABLE TO INTERACT WITH SERVICE GRIDS, INCLUDING GRID BROKERS
• FACILITATE USER INTERACTION WITH MULTIPLE MIDDLEWARE
• IMPLEMENT POLICIES TO MEET QOS NEEDS
 GRID COMPUTING (CONT.)

• THE DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDIZED PROTOCOLS FOR SEVERAL GRID COMPUTING

ACTIVITIES HAS CONTRIBUTED
• ALLOW DELIVERY OF ON-DEMAND COMPUTING SERVICES OVER THE INTERNET

• ENSURING QOS IN GRIDS HAS BEEN PERCEIVED AS A DIFFICULT ENDEAVOR

• LACK OF PERFORMANCE ISOLATION HAS PREVENTED GRIDS ADOPTION IN A VARIETY OF
SCENARIOS
• RESOURCES ARE OVERSUBSCRIBED
• USERS ARE UNCOOPERATIVE
 GRID COMPUTING (CONT.)

• ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH ONE USER OR VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION (VO) CAN

INFLUENCE THE PERFORMANCE PERCEIVED BY OTHER USERS USING THE SAME PLATFORM
• THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF ENFORCING QOS AND GUARANTEEING EXECUTION TIME
• ESPECIALLY FOR TIME-CRITICAL APPLICATIONS

• ANOTHER ISSUE IS THE AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES WITH DIVERSE SOFTWARE

CONFIGURATIONS
• INCLUDING DISPARATE OPERATING SYSTEMS, LIBRARIES, COMPILERS, RUNTIME ENVIRONMENTS, ETC.
 GRID COMPUTING (CONT.)

• USER APPLICATIONS WOULD OFTEN RUN ONLY ON SPECIALLY CUSTOMIZED ENVIRONMENTS

• A PORTABILITY BARRIER HAS OFTEN BEEN PRESENT ON MOST GRID INFRASTRUCTURES
• INHIBITING USERS OF ADOPTING GRIDS AS UTILITY COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS

• VIRTUALIZATION TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS THE PERFECT FIT TO ISSUES

• HOSTING MANY DISSIMILAR SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS ON A SINGLE PHYSICAL PLATFORM
• EVOLVING GRIDS TO SUPPORT AN ADDITIONAL LAYER TO VIRTUALIZE COMPUTATION, STORAGE,
AND NETWORK RESOURCES
 UTILITY COMPUTING

• USERS ASSIGN A UTILITY VALUE TO THEIR JOBS

• UTILITY IS A FIXED OR TIME-VARYING VALUE CONSTITUTING QOS CONSTRAINTS LIKE
DEADLINE, IMPORTANCE, SATISFACTION ETC.
• VALUE IS THE AMOUNT USERS ARE WILLING TO PAY TO SERVICE PROVIDER TO ACCOMPLISH
THEIR DEMANDS
• PROVIDER CAN CHOOSE TO PRIORITIZE USER JOBS
• USERS COMPETE FOR RESOURCES BASED ON THE VALUE OF THEIR JOBS
 UTILITY COMPUTING

• LARGE GRID INSTALLATIONS HAVE FACED NEW PROBLEMS

• EXCESSIVE SPIKES IN DEMAND FOR RESOURCES COUPLED WITH STRATEGIC AND ADVERSARIAL
BEHAVIOR BY USERS
• GRID RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES DID NOT ENSURE FAIR AND EQUITABLE ACCESS TO
RESOURCES IN MANY SYSTEMS

• IN UTILITY COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS, USERS ASSIGN A “UTILITY” VALUE TO THEIR JOBS

• UTILITY IS A FIXED OR TIME-VARYING VALUATION THAT CAPTURES VARIOUS QOS CONSTRAINTS
• DEADLINE, IMPORTANCE, SATISFACTION
 UTILITY COMPUTING (CONT.)

• THE VALUATION IS THE AMOUNT USERS ARE WILLING TO PAY A SERVICE PROVIDER TO SATISFY THEIR
DEMANDS

• THE SERVICE PROVIDERS ATTEMPT TO MAXIMIZE THEIR OWN UTILITY

• DIRECTLY CORRELATE WITH THEIR PROFIT
• CHOOSE TO PRIORITIZE HIGH YIELD
• I.E., PROFIT PER UNIT OF RESOURCE) USER JOBS

• SHARED SYSTEMS ARE VIEWED AS A MARKETPLACE

• USERS COMPETE FOR RESOURCES BASED ON THE PERCEIVED UTILITY OR VALUE OF THEIR JOBS
 HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION

• HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION ALLOWS RUNNING MULTIPLE OPERATING SYSTEMS ON A SINGLE PHYSICAL

PLATFORM
• THREE BASIC CAPABILITIES TO MANAGE WORKLOAD IN VIRTUALIZED SYSTEM
• ISOLATION: ALL PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS FULLY CONFINED IN VM
• CONSOLIDATION: SEVERAL INDIVIDUAL AND HETEROGENEOUS WORKLOAD ON A SINGLE PHYSICAL
PLATFORM
• MIGRATION: TARGETS AT HARDWARE MAINTENANCE, LOAD BALANCING AND DISASTER RECOVERY
• OPEN VIRTUALIZATION FORMAT (OVF)
 HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION

• CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES ARE USUALLY BACKED BY LARGE-SCALE DATA CENTERS

• COMPOSED OF THOUSANDS OF COMPUTERS
• SERVE MANY USERS
• HOST MANY DISPARATE APPLICATIONS
• HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION OVERCOME MOST OPERATIONAL ISSUES OF DATA CENTER
BUILDING AND MAINTENANCE
• VIRTUALIZING A COMPUTER SYSTEM’S RESOURCES
• INCLUDING PROCESSORS, MEMORY, AND I/O DEVICES
• AIMING AT IMPROVING SHARING AND UTILIZATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
 HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION (CONT.)

• ALLOWS RUNNING MULTIPLE OPERATING SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE STACKS ON A SINGLE PHYSICAL
PLATFORM
• A SOFTWARE LAYER MEDIATES ACCESS TO THE PHYSICAL HARDWARE PRESENTING TO EACH GUEST
OPERATING SYSTEM A VIRTUAL MACHINE (VM)
• THE VIRTUAL MACHINE MONITOR (VMM)
• ALSO CALLED A HYPERVISOR,
• VM IS A SET OF VIRTUAL PLATFORM INTERFACES
• SEVERAL TECHNOLOGIES HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO AN INCREASING ADOPTION OF VIRTUALIZATION
• MULTI-CORE CHIPS, PARA-VIRTUALIZATION, HARDWARE-ASSISTED VIRTUALIZATION, AND LIVE MIGRATION
OF VMS
 HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION (CONT.)

Virtual Machine 1 Virtual Machine 2 Virtual Machine N

User software User software User software
Email Server Facebook App App A App X

Data Web Ruby on

Java Rails App B App Y
base Server

Linux Guest OS

Virtual Machine Monitor (Hypervisor)

Hardware
 HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION (CONT.)

• TRADITIONALLY, PERCEIVED BENEfiTS WERE IMPROVEMENTS ON SHARING AND UTILIZATION, BETTER

MANAGEABILITY, AND HIGHER RELIABILITY
• RECENTLY EMPHASIZING THREE BASIC CAPABILITIES REGARDING MANAGEMENT OF WORKLOAD IN A
VIRTUALIZED SYSTEM
• ISOLATION, CONSOLIDATION, AND MIGRATION

• WORKLOAD ISOLATION IS ACHIEVED

• ALL PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS ARE FULLY CONFINED INSIDE A VM
• LEADS TO IMPROVEMENTS IN SECURITY
• BETTER RELIABILITY IS ALSO ACHIEVED
• SOFTWARE FAILURES INSIDE ONE VM DO NOT AFFECT OTHERS
 HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION (CONT.)

• BETTER PERFORMANCE CONTROL IS ATTAINED

• EXECUTION OF ONE VM SHOULD NOT AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE OF ANOTHER VM

• THE CONSOLIDATION OF SEVERAL INDIVIDUAL AND HETEROGENEOUS WORKLOADS ONTO A

SINGLE PHYSICAL PLATFORM
• LEADS TO BETTER SYSTEM UTILIZATION
• ALSO OVERCOMES POTENTIAL SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE INCOMPATIBILITIES IN CASE OF UPGRADES
• RUN LEGACY AND NEW OPERATION SYSTEMS CONCURRENTLY

• WORKLOAD MIGRATION TARGETS AT FACILITATING HARDWARE MAINTENANCE, LOAD BALANCING,

AND DISASTER RECOVERY
 HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION (CONT.)

• ALSO REFERRED TO APPLICATION MOBILITY

• ENCAPSULATING A GUEST OS STATE WITHIN A VM
• ALLOWING IT TO BE SUSPENDED, FULLY SERIALIZED, MIGRATED TO A DIFFERENT PLATFORM, RESUMED
IMMEDIATELY OR PRESERVED TO BE RESTORED AT A LATER DATE
• A VM’S STATE INCLUDES A FULL DISK OR PARTITION IMAGE, CONFIGURATION FILES, AND AN IMAGE
OF ITS RAM

• VMM PLATFORMS ARE THE BASIS OF MANY UTILITY OR CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS
 HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION (CONT.)

• VMWARE ESXI
• A VMM FROM VMWARE
• A BARE-METAL HYPERVISOR
• INSTALLS DIRECTLY ON THE PHYSICAL SERVER
• OTHERS MAY REQUIRE A HOST OPERATING SYSTEM
• THROUGH MEMORY BALLOONING AND PAGE SHARING, IT CAN OVERCOMMIT MEMORY
• INCREASING THE DENSITY OF VMS INSIDE A PHYSICAL SERVER

• XEN
• PIONEERED THE PARA-VIRTUALIZATION CONCEPT
• THE GUEST OPERATING SYSTEM, BY MEANS OF A SPECIALIZED KERNEL, CAN INTERACT WITH THE HYPERVISOR
• SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVING PERFORMANCE
 HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION (CONT.)

• CURRENTLY FORMS THE BASE OF COMMERCIAL HYPERVISORS OF A NUMBER OF VENDORS

• MOST NOTABLY CITRIX XENSERVER AND ORACLE VM

• KVM
• A LINUX VIRTUALIZATION SUBSYSTEM
• MEMORY MANAGEMENT AND SCHEDULING ARE CARRIED OUT BY EXISTING KERNEL FEATURES
• MAKING KVM SIMPLER AND SMALLER THAN HYPERVISORS THAT TAKE CONTROL OF THE ENTIRE MACHINE
• LEVERAGES HARDWARE-ASSISTED VIRTUALIZATION
• IMPROVES PERFORMANCE
• SUPPORTS UNMODIFIED GUEST OPERATING SYSTEMS
• SUPPORTS SOME VERSIONS OF WINDOWS, LINUX, AND UNIX
 VIRTUAL APPLIANCES AND THE OPEN
VIRTUALIZATION FORMAT

• AN APPLICATION COMBINED WITH THE ENVIRONMENT NEEDED TO RUN IT IS REFERRED TO AS

A VIRTUAL APPLIANCE
• OPERATING SYSTEM, LIBRARIES, COMPILERS, DATABASES, APPLICATION CONTAINERS, ETC.
• EASES SOFTWARE CUSTOMIZATION, CONFIGURATION, PATCHING AND IMPROVES PORTABILITY
• SHAPED AS A VM DISK IMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
• CAN BE READILY DEPLOYED IN A HYPERVISOR
• READY-MADE ONES CONTAIN POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS AND USEFUL SOFTWARE
COMBINATIONS
• BOTH COMMERCIAL AND OPEN-SOURCE
 VIRTUAL APPLIANCES AND THE OPEN
VIRTUALIZATION FORMAT (CONT.)
• EACH HYPERVISOR SUPPORTS A DIFFERENT VM IMAGE FORMAT
• THE FORMATS ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH ONE ANOTHER
• INTEROPERABILITY ISSUES ARISES

• THE OPEN VIRTUALIZATION FORMAT (OVF) FACILITATES PACKING AND DISTRIBUTION OF

SOFTWARE TO BE RUN ON VMS
• OPEN, SECURE, PORTABLE, EFFICIENT AND EXTENSIBLE

• AN OVF PACKAGE CONSISTS OF A FILE OR SET OF FILES DESCRIBING:

• THE VM HARDWARE CHARACTERISTICS
• E.G., MEMORY, NETWORK CARDS, AND DISKS
• OPERATING SYSTEM DETAILS, STARTUP, AND SHUTDOWN ACTIONS, THE VIRTUAL DISKS THEMSELVES
• OTHER METADATA CONTAINING PRODUCT AND LICENSING INFORMATION
 VIRTUAL APPLIANCES AND THE OPEN
VIRTUALIZATION FORMAT (CONT.)

• OVF ALSO SUPPORTS COMPLEX PACKAGES COMPOSED OF MULTIPLE VMS

• E.G., MULTI-TIER APPLICATIONS

• OVF’S EXTENSIBILITY HAS ENCOURAGED ADDITIONS RELEVANT TO MANAGEMENT OF

DATA CENTERS AND CLOUDS
 VIRTUAL APPLIANCES AND THE OPEN
VIRTUALIZATION FORMAT (CONT.)

• VIRTUAL MACHINE CONTRACTS (VMC) AIDS IN COMMUNICATING AND MANAGING THE

COMPLEX EXPECTATIONS THAT VMS HAVE OF THEIR RUNTIME ENVIRONMENT AND VICE VERSA
• A CLOUD CONSUMER COULD SPECIFY MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM AMOUNTS OF A RESOURCE THAT A
VM NEEDS TO FUNCTION
• A CLOUD PROVIDER COULD EXPRESS RESOURCE LIMITS AS A WAY TO BOUND RESOURCE
CONSUMPTION AND COSTS
 AUTONOMIC COMPUTING

• LESS HUMAN INVOLVEMENT IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS’ OPERATIONS

• SYSTEMS MANAGE THEMSELVES WITH HIGH-LEVEL GUIDANCE FROM HUMANS
• AUTONOMIC SYSTEMS RELY ON
SENSORS AND AUTONOMIC MANAGER TO COMPUTE OPTIMIZATIONS
EFFECTORS TO CARRY OUT CHANGES ON THE SYSTEM
 AUTONOMIC COMPUTING

• AUTONOMIC COMPUTING IMPROVES SYSTEMS BY DECREASING HUMAN INVOLVEMENT IN

THEIR OPERATION
• SYSTEMS SHOULD MANAGE THEMSELVES WITH HIGH-LEVEL GUIDANCE FROM HUMANS

• AUTONOMIC, OR SELF-MANAGING, SYSTEMS RELY ON MONITORING PROBES AND GAUGES

(SENSORS)
• ON AN ADAPTATION ENGINE (AUTONOMIC MANAGER) FOR COMPUTING OPTIMIZATIONS BASED
ON MONITORING DATA
• ON EFFECTORS TO CARRY OUT CHANGES ON THE SYSTEM
 AUTONOMIC COMPUTING (CONT.)

• THE FOUR PROPERTIES OF AUTONOMIC SYSTEMS

• SELF-CONFIGURATION, SELF-OPTIMIZATION, SELF-HEALING, AND SELF-PROTECTION

• DATA CENTER AUTOMATION MAY PERFORM TASKS

• MANAGEMENT OF SERVICE LEVELS OF RUNNING APPLICATIONS
• MANAGEMENT OF DATA CENTER CAPACITY
• PROACTIVE DISASTER RECOVERY
• AUTOMATION OF VM PROVISIONING
 REFERENCES

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