INTRODUCTION

 Provide two or more type of distinct power

 Different motors work at different speeds.
 Electric motor will be more efficient
 A hybrid engine has an IC engine and a electric DC
motor to propel the vehicle.
 When vehicle is running in IC engine the DC electric
motor will be charged by using a generator
 Regenerative braking and when fuel is down in IC
engine then the DC motor kicks in.
Evolution Of Hybrid Engine
COMPONENTS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
1. Gasoline pump is the car's primary source of energy.
2. Conventional fuel tank.
3. Conventional internal combustion engine.
4. Engine powers wheels through conventional gears and transmission.
5. Electric power outlet connects to car's batteries through a conventional
plug-in power lead.
6. Batteries charge up overnight while car is parked. The battery pack is
usually stowed out of the way behind the rear seats.
7. Electric motor uses power from batteries to drive either two or all four
wheels.
8. Regenerative brakes: generator slows down the wheels and returns
otherwise wasted energy to the batteries

Collecting and Reusing the energy of a gasoline-burning

engine that would otherwise go waste in standard
vehicles
Types of hybrid engine
 Parallel hybrid
 the parallel hybrid uses both an internal combustion and electric engine
 parallel hybrids are unable to provide electric-only or internal combustion-only
modes
 the conventional and electric engines are attached to one transmission which
allows both of them to power the car at the same time
 Parallel hybrids tend to use a smaller battery pack than series drivetrains, relying
on regenerative braking to keep it recharged
 When power demands are low, parallel hybrids also utilize the motor as a
generator for supplemental recharging
 This type of hybrid is more suitable for traveling long distances.
 More drivers prefer parallel hybrids to series hybrids because they are more fuel-
efficient.
Example cars
 Honda Insight
 Honda Civic Hybrid
 Honda Accord Hybrid
Types of hybrid engine
 Series hybrid
 In a series hybrid, the electric motor handles all the driving and the gasoline
engine only recharges the battery pack
 When the driver starts the engine, power is received from the battery pack to the
electric motor which turns the wheels
 Series hybrids perform at their best during stop-and-go traffic, where gasoline and
diesel engines are inefficient
 the use of regenerative braking recharge the battery pack.
 Series hybrids are more expensive than parallel hybrids because they carry larger
batteries to provide power for higher speeds
Example cars
 BMW i3
 Chevrolet Volt
Types of hybrid engine
 Parallel-Series hybrid
 The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels
 The ratio can be from 100% for the combustion engine to 100% for the traction
electric motor, or anything in between, such as 40% for the electric motor and 60%
for the combustion engine
 At lower speeds it operates more as a series vehicle, while at high speeds, where
the series drivetrain is less efficient, the engine takes over and energy loss is
minimized.
 When maximum power is required, the traction electric motor is used to assist.
Example cars
 Toyota Prius
 Mercede ML 450 hybrid
DISCUSSION
 Internal Combustion Engines
 ICEs convert linear motion from pistons into rotational motion.
 To do so they must turn at a speed which allows for proper fuel combustion and allows
the engine to overcome the internal friction of its many components.
 For this reason, ICEs do not operate much below 700 RPM and do not develop any
significant torque until at least 1000 RPM
 Typical passenger vehicle gasoline ICEs develop their maximum torque at around 3500
RPM and are most efficient when operating between 2000 RPM and 2500 RPM.
 Gasoline engines on passenger vehicles are between 20% and 25% efficient
(diesel engines are about 30% more efficient).
DISCUSSION OF EFFICIENCY
 Electric Motors
 Electric motors develop torque from the interaction of magnetic fields between their
rotor and stator.
 Compared to an ICE, they have very few components and very little internal friction.
 Electric motors can also operate at any speed from 0 RPM up to their absolute maximum
RPM.
 They have an almost flat (constant) torque profile from 0 RPM up to their maximum
rated power, beyond that point torque starts to drop off
 Electric motors have efficiencies ranging from 70% to 95%.
ADVANTAGES
 Hybrid electric vehicles combine the advantages of ICEs and Electric motors to
deliver improved efficiency or performance.
 Hybrid vehicles combine a ICE with an electric motor, generator and battery. They are
capable of higher efficiencies due to the following:
Environmentally Friendly One of the biggest advantage
of hybrid car over gasoline powered car is that it runs
cleaner and has better gas mileage which makes
it environmentally friendly. A hybrid vehicle runs on
twin powered engine (gasoline engine and electric
motor) that cuts fuel consumption and conserves
energy.

Financial Benefits Hybrid cars are supported by many

credits and incentives that help to make them
affordable. Lower annual tax bills and exemption from
congestion charges comes in the form of less amount of
money spent on the fuel.
ADVANTAGES
Regenerative Braking System Each time you
apply brake while driving a hybrid vehicle helps
you to recharge your battery a little. An internal
mechanism kicks in that captures the energy
released and uses it to charge the battery which
in turn eliminates the amount of time and need
for stopping to recharge the battery periodically.

Less dependence on Fossil Fuels A Hybrid car is

much cleaner and requires less fuel to run which
means less emissions and less dependence
on fossil fuels. This in turn also helps to reduce
the price of gasoline in domestic market.
ADVANTAGES

Built From Light Materials Hybrid vehicles are

made up of lighter materials which means less
energy is required to run. The engine is also
smaller and lighter which also saves much energy.

Higher Resale Value With continuous increase in

price of gasoline, more and more people are
turning towards hybrid cars. The result is that
these green vehicles have started commanding
higher than average resale values. So, in case you
are not satisfied with your vehicle, you can always
sell it at a premium price to buyers looking for it.
DISADVANTAGES
Less Power Hybrid cars are twin powered engine. The gasoline
engine which is primary source of power is much smaller as
compared to what you get in single engine powered car and
electric motor is low power. The combined power of both is often
less than that of gas powered engine. It is therefore suited for
city driving and not for speed and acceleration.

Can be Expensive The biggest drawback of having a hybrid car is

that it can burn a hole in your pocket. Hybrid cars are
comparatively expensive than a regular petrol car and can cost
$5000 to $10000 more than a standard version. However, that
extra amount can be offset with lower running cost and tax
exemptions.

Poorer Handling A hybrid car houses an gasoline powered engine,

a lighter electric engine and a pack of powerful batteries. This
adds weight and eats up the extra space in the car. Extra weight
results in fuel inefficiency and manufacturers cut down weight
which has resulted in motor and battery downsizing and less
support in the suspension and body.
DISADVANTAGES

Higher Maintenance Costs The presence of dual

engine, continuous improvement in technology,
and higher maintenance cost can make it difficult
for mechanics to repair the car. It is also difficult
to find a mechanic with such an expertise.

Presence of High Voltage in Batteries In case of

an accident, the high voltage present inside the
batteries can prove lethal for you. There is a high
chance of you getting electrocuted in such cases
which can also make the task difficult for rescuers
to get other passengers and driver out of the car.
CONCLUSION
Making Your Decision
 Deciding whether or not a hybrid car is right for you involves more than just a desire to
be environmentally friendly.
 Look at the resources in your area that can help you maintain and sustain the car.
 Depending on the type of car you purchase you may need mechanics that are familiar
with it or an alternate fuel source.
 Look into any credits or discounts that may be available to help you lower the cost of
the purchase of the car.
CONCLUSION
Changing Your Driving Habits
 Even if you do purchase a hybrid car there is more you can do to lessen your effect on
the environment. One of the most important considerations is how you drive.
 You can replace many of your car trips with using public transportation, carpooling or
even riding a bicycle.
 Also, planning to use the car more effectively can reduce the overall number of trips you
are making each week.
 Hybrid or not, the less you drive the better it is for the environment. You should also
consider offering to be the car pool driver more if you are the one with the hybrid, this
can also help to conserve energy and lessen pollution.