PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC

CONTROLLER AND DISTRIBUTED

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CONTROL SYSTEM
COURSE CODE: 3341702
UNIT 1 LOGICAL PROCESS CONTROL IN
AUTOMATION

Justify need of Automation in industry

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ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION
 Reduce Manpower
 higher production rates

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 increased productivity, more efficient use of
materials
 Better product quality,

 improved safety, shorter workweeks for labour,

and reduced factory lead times
CONTINUOUS PROCESS CONTROL

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DISCRETE-STATE PROCESS CONTROL

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COMPOSITE PROCESS CONTROL

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DATA LOGGER

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SCADA

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 UNIT – II PLC ARCHITECTURE
Draw Block diagram of PLC
 A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an industrial computer control system
that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes decisions based upon

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a custom program to control the state of output devices.
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LIST OUT PERIPHERALS FOR PLC

 processor or central processing unit (CPU);

 rack or mounting;

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 input assembly;

 output assembly;

 power supply;

 programming unit, device, or PC/software.

DESCRIBE SELECTION CRITERIA FOR PLC.
o System (task) requirements.
o Application requirements.
What input/output capacity is required

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o
o What type of inputs/outputs are required
o What size of memory is required
o What speed is required of the CPU
o Electrical requirements
o Speed of operation.
o Communication requirements.
o Software.
o Operator interface.
o Physical environments.
ADVANTAGES OF PLC
 Very fast.
 Easy to change logic i.e. flexibility.

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 Reliable due to absence of moving parts.

 Low power consumption.

 Easy maintenance due to modular assembly.

 Facilities in fault finding and diagnostic.

 Capable of handling of very complicated logic

operations.
DISADVANTAGES OF PLC
 Fixed circuit operation.
 PLCs manufacturers offer only closed loop
architecture.

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 PLCs are propitiatory, which means software and
parts one manufacturer can’t be easily used in
combination with part of another manufacturer.
 Number of optional modules must be added to
maximize flexibility and performance.
 When a problem occurs, hold-up time is
indefinite, usually long.


DRAW BASIC SYMBOLS USED FOR PLC

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LIST THE STEPS TO CONFIGURE THE PLC.
 Checking the hardware
 Transferring and testing the software

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 Optimization of the software

 Commissioning of the entire system

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DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
AND
DATA LOGGERS

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WHAT IS DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM ?

• DAQ systems capture, measure, and analyze physical

phenomena from the real world.

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• Light, temperature and pressure are examples of the
different types of signals that a DAQ system can measure.

• Data acquisition is the process of collecting and

measuring electrical signals and sending them to a
computer for processing.

• • Electrical signals comes from Transducers.

THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF A DAQ SYSTEM
INCLUDES:

1. Transducer or Sensors: A device that converts a physical

phenomenon such as light, temperature, pressure, or sound into a

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measurable electrical signal such as voltage or current.

2. Signal: The output of the transducer.

3. Signal conditioning: Hardware that you can connect to the DAQ

device to make the signal suitable for measurement or to improve
accuracy or reduce noise.

4. DAQ hardware: Hardware you use to acquire, measure, and

analyze data.

5. Software: Application software is designed to help you easily

design and program your measurement and control application.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DAS

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• COMMON ANALOG SENSORS

Sensor Physical Variable

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Accelerometer Acceleration

Microphone Pressure

Pressure gauge Pressure

Resistive temperature device (RTD) Temperature

Strain gauge Force

Thermocouple Temperature
 • SIGNAL CONDITIONING
• To measure signals from transducers, you must convert them into a
form a Signal Conditioning measurement device can accept.
• Common types of signal conditioning include amplification,

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linearization, transducer excitation, and isolation.
• Sensor signals are often incompatible with data acquisition
hardware. To overcome this incompatibility, the sensor signal must
be conditioned.

 Common ways to condition signals include –

• Amplification
• Filtering
• Electrical isolation
• Multiplexing
• Excitation source
 WHAT TYPE OF DEVICE TO USE?

• The trade-off usually falls between

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1- Resolution (bits)

2- Sampling rate (samples/second)

3- Number of channels, and data transfer rate

(usually limited by “bus” type: USB, PCI, PXI, etc.)
RESOLUTION

• Precision of the analog to digital conversion process is

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dependent upon the number (n) of bits the ADC of the
DAQ uses.

• The higher the resolution, the higher the number of

divisions the voltage range is broken into (2^n), and
therefore, the smaller the detectable voltage changes.

• An 8 bit ADC gives 256 levels (2^8) compared to a

12 bit ADC that has 4096 levels (2^12).
 SAMPLING RATE

• The data is acquired by an ADC

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using a process called sampling.

• Sampling an analog signal occurs at

discrete time intervals.

• The rate at which the signal is

sampled is known as the sampling
frequency.
• The two important features of a data acquisition
system :

• Signals are input to a sensor, conditioned, converted

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into bits that a computer can read, and analysed to
extract meaningful information.

• Data from a computer is converted into an analog

signal and output to an actuator.
 BASIC DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

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Co
mpu
Physical Analog A/D ter
Transdu Amplifie Active Sample
Paramet
cer r Filter
Multipl converte
er hold Dat
exer r
a

Bus
DATA LOGGERS

 A data logger is an electronic

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device that records data over time
or in relation to location either
with a built in instrument or
sensor or via external instruments
and sensors.

 They generally are small, battery

powered, portable, and equipped
with a microprocessor, internal
memory for data storage, and
sensors.
 Data Logger Cube Storing
technical & sensor data.
DATA LOGGER BLOCK DIAGRAM

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APPLICATIONS

 Environmental monitoring
Road traffic counting.

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
 Unattended soil moisture level recording.
 Motor Racing
 Temperature, Humidity and Power use for Heating
and Air conditioning efficiency studies.
 Unattended weather station recording
 Measure temperatures (humidity, etc) of
perishables during shipments
 Tank level monitoring.
CHOOSING A DATA LOGGER

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 Input Signal
 Number of Inputs
 Size
 Speed/Memory
 Real Time Operation
PICTURES OF DATA LOGGERS:

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T• YPES OF DATA LOGGERS:
Miniature Single Input Data Loggers

Miniature single input data loggers are generally

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low cost loggers dedicated to a specific input type.
These types of data loggers are often used in the
transportation industry. A typical application
would be to include a temperature data logger in a
shipment of food products to insure that the food
temperature does not exceed acceptable limits. In
addition to temperature miniature data loggers
are available for a large variety of input types.
TYPES OF DATA LOGGERS:
 Fixed Mount Multi-Channel Data Loggers
Fixed input loggers have a fixed number of input
channels which are generally dedicated for a specific

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type of input. OMEGA offers fixed input data loggers
ranging from one to 8 channels.

 Modular Data Loggers

A modular data logger is configurable and expandable
through the use of plug-in modules. The modules are
normally field configurable and the user has the option
of adding as many channels to satisfy the application
requirement.
ADVANTAGES:
• Data logging devices can be sent to places that humans
can not easily get to. e.g. to the planet Mars, in to the

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bottom of a volcano and on to a roof of a tall building to
get to a weather station.

• Graphs and tables of results can be produced

automatically by the data logging software.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The main disadvantage of using a data logging
system is the initial cost of purchasing the
equipment. While a thermometer can be

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purchased for less than one pound, the price of
the components of a data logging system to
record the temperature will be considerable.
DATA ACQUISITION VS DATA LOGGING
• Data loggers typically have slower sample rates
than Data Acquisition System.

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• Data loggers are implicitly stand-alone devices,
while typical data acquisition system must
remain tethered to a computer to acquire data.

• data loggers must be extremely reliable than

Data Acquisition System
DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL (DDC):

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Thank You