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Vectors

This document defines and explains vectors. It begins by defining a vector as having both size and direction, and provides examples such as wind and forces. It then discusses vector notation using angle brackets and arrows. The document explains how to find the components of a vector between two points, perform fundamental operations like addition and subtraction, and calculate the magnitude of a vector. It also introduces unit vectors i and j and shows how to use them to express vectors and perform operations. The document concludes by explaining the dot product of vectors and how it can be used to find the angle between vectors or the projection of one vector onto another.

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AhmadMoaaz
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104 views26 pages

Vectors

This document defines and explains vectors. It begins by defining a vector as having both size and direction, and provides examples such as wind and forces. It then discusses vector notation using angle brackets and arrows. The document explains how to find the components of a vector between two points, perform fundamental operations like addition and subtraction, and calculate the magnitude of a vector. It also introduces unit vectors i and j and shows how to use them to express vectors and perform operations. The document concludes by explaining the dot product of vectors and how it can be used to find the angle between vectors or the projection of one vector onto another.

Uploaded by

AhmadMoaaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Vectors

Lesson 4.3
What is a Vector?

 A quantity that has both


 Size
 Direction
 Examples
 Wind Terminal
point
 Boat or aircraft travel
 Forces in physics
 Geometrically
 A directed line segment
Initial point
2
Vector Notation

 Given by
 Angle brackets <a, b> a vector with
 Initial point at (0,0)
 Terminal point at (a, b)

 Ordered pair (a, b)


 As above, initial point at origin, terminal
point at the specified ordered pair
(a, b)

3
Vector Notation

 An arrow over a letter V V


 or a letter in
bold face V
A
 An arrow over two letters
B
 The initial and terminal points
 AB or both letters in bold face AB
 The magnitude (length) of a vector is
notated with double vertical lines

V AB
4
Equivalent Vectors
 Have both same direction
(a, b)
and same magnitude

 Given points Pt xt , yt   Pi  xi , yi 
 The components of a vector
 Ordered pair of terminal point with initial point
at (0,0)

 xt  xi , yt  yi
5
Find the Vector

 Given P1 (0, -3) and P2 (1, 5)


 Show vector representation in <x, y>
format for P1 P2
 <1 – 0, 5 – (-3)> = <1,8>
 Try these
 P1(4,2) and P2 (-3, -3)

 P4(3, -2) and P2(3, 0)

6
Fundamental Vector Operations
Given vectors V = <a, b>, W = <c, d>

 Magnitude V  a b
2 2

 Addition
 V + W = <a + c, b + d>

 Scalar multiplication – changes the


magnitude, not the direction
 3V = <3a, 3b>
7
Vector Addition

 Sum of two vectors is the single


equivalent vector which has same
effect as application of the two vectors

Note that the sum of


two vectors is the
A
B diagonal of the
resulting parallelogram

8
Vector Subtraction

 The difference of two vectors is the


result of adding a negative vector
 A – B = A + (-B)

A
B

A-B

-B
9
Vector Addition / Subtraction

 Add vectors by adding respective


components
 <3, 4> + <6, -5> = ?
 <2.4, - 7> - <2, 6.8> = ?
 Try these visually, A
draw the results C

 A+C
B
 B–A
 C + 2B 10
Magnitude of a Vector

 Magnitude found using Pythagorean


theorem or distance formula
 Given A = <4, -7>
A  42  (7)2 

 Find the magnitude of these:


 P1(4,2) and P2 (-3, -3)

 P4(3, -2) and P2(3, 0)

11
Unit Vectors

 Definition:
 A vector whose magnitude is 1
 Typically we use the horizontal and
vertical unit vectors i and j
 i = <1, 0> j = <0, 1>
 Then use the vector components to
express the vector as a sum
 V = <3,5> = 3i + 5j

12
Unit Vectors

 Use unit vectors to add vectors


 <4, -2> + <6, 9>
4i – 2j + 6i + 9j = 10i + 7j
 Use to find magnitude
 || -3i + 4j || = ((-3)2 + 42)1/2 = 5
 Use to find direction
 Direction for -2i + 2j
2
tan   
2
3

4 13
Finding the Components

 Given direction θ and magnitude ||V||


V 6 
b

6
a

 V = <a, b>
a  V  cos 
b  V  sin 

14
Assignment Part A

 Lesson 4.3A
 Page 325
 Exercises 1 – 35 odd

15
Applications of Vectors

 Sammy Squirrel is steering his boat at


a heading of 327° at 18mph. The
current is flowing at 4mph at a
heading of 60°. Find Sammy's course

Note info about E6B


flight calculator

16
Application of Vectors

 A 120 pound force keeps an 800


pound box from sliding down an
inclined ramp. What is the angle of
the ramp?

 What we have
is the force
the weight
creates
parallel to the
ramp
17
Dot Product

Given vectors V = <a, b>, W = <c, d>


 Dot product defined as

V W  ac  bd
 Note that the result is a scalar
 Also known as
 Inner product or
 Scalar product

18
Find the Dot (product)

 Given A = 3i + 7j, B = -2i + 4j, and


C = 6i - 5j
 Find the following:
 A•B=?
 B•C=?
 The dot product can also be found
with the following formula

V W  V  W  cos 
19
Dot Product Formula

 Formula on previous slide may be


more useful for finding the angle 

V W  V  W  cos 
V W
cos  
V W

20
Find the Angle

 Given two vectors


 V = <1, -5> and W = <-2, 3>

 Find the angle between them


 Calculate dot product
 Then magnitude W
 Then apply
formula
V
 Take arccos

21
Dot Product Properties (pg 321)
 Commutative
 Distributive over addition
 Scalar multiplication same over dot
product before or after dot product
multiplication
 Dot product of vector with itself
 Multiplicative property of zero
 Dot products of
 i • i =1
 j•j=1
 i•j=0 22
Assignment B

 Lesson 4.3B
 Page 325
 Exercises 37 – 61 odd

23
Scalar Projection

 Given two vectors v and w

v

w
projwv
The projection of v on w

 Projwv = v  cos 
24
Scalar Projection

 The other possible configuration for


the projection

w projwv
v  cos  The projection of v on w

 Formula used is the same but result


will be negative because  > 90°
25
Parallel and Perpendicular Vectors
V W
 Recall formula cos  
V W

 What would it mean if this resulted in a


value of 0??
 What angle has a cosine of 0?

V W
0    90
V W

26

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