SURVEYING II (CE 6404)

CONTROL SURVEYING
UNIT I

By
Mr.R.GOPALAKRISHNAN,
Asst.Professor in Civil Engineering,
Sri Venkateswara College of
Engineering.
 Syllabus

Horizontal and vertical control

methods specifications –
Triangulation – baseline instruments
and accessories corrections –
satelite stations – reduction to
centre – Trignometric levelling –
single and reciprocal observations –
traversing – Gale’s Table
Classification of surveying
PlaneSurveying
Geotedic Surveying
Plane Surveying
Definition:
The Plane surveying is the type
of surveying in which , the
curvature of the earth is not
considered and it is considered as
a plane surface. The area
surveyed should be less than 250
Sq.KM.
Geodetic surveying
Definition:
The Geodetic surveying is the type
of surveying in which , the curvature
of the earth is considered. The
object of the Geodetic surveying is
to determine very precisely the
relative or absolute positions on the
earth’s surface of a widely
separated points. For larger area of
survey work ( more than 250 Sq.KM)
Cont’d

The relative positions are

determined in terms of length
and azimuth of the line joining
them. The absolute positions are
determined in terms of latitude
and longitude & elevation above
mean sea level.
Cont’d
Geodetic surveying is carried out
by

 Triangulation
 Precise levelling
System of Triangles
Cont’d
Cont’d
Classification of Triangulation
system

Firstorder Triangulation
system
Second order Triangulation
system
Third order Triangulation
system
First order Triangulation
system
Average triangle closure : 1 to 3 seconds
Length of the base line: 5 to 15 KM
Length of the side of the
triangles : 30 to 150 KM
The degree of accuracy : 1 in 5,00,000
Check on the base : 1 in 25,000
Second order Triangulation
system
Average triangle closure : 3 to 8
seconds
Length of the base line: 1.5 to
5 KM
Length of the side of the
triangles : 8 to
65 KM
The degree of accuracy : 1 in
5,00,00
Check on the base : 1 in
Third order Triangulation system
Average triangle closure : 6 to
12 seconds
Length of the base line: 0.5 to
3 KM
Length of the side of the
triangles : 1.5
to 10 KM
The degree of accuracy : 1 in
5,000
Check on the base : 1 in
Routine or Process of
triangulation Survey
Reconnaissance
Erection of signals and towers
Measurement of base lines
Measurement of horizontal
angles
Computation of latitude and
longitude
Computation of all the values
Reconnaissance survey
Examination of the place to be
surveyed
Selection of the suitable sites for
base lines
Selection of suitable positions for
Triangulation stations
Determination of intervisibility
and height of stations
Selection of Triangulation stations
Intervisibility and height of
stations and it depends on
1. The distance between the
stations
2. The relative elevation of
stations
3. The profile of the intervening
ground
Distance between the
station
If there is no obstruction due to
intervening ground , the distance
of the visible horizon from a
station of known elevation above
datum is given by

h = D² / 2R ( 1-2m)
Cont’d
h= height of the station above datum
D= distance between the visible horizon
R= Mean radius of the earth
m=mean coefficient of refraction the value
of m is taken as = 0.07 for sight over land
= 0.08 over sea
h=0.574 D² ( h in feet and D in miles for
m=0.07)
h=0.06735 D² ( h in metres and D in km for
m=0.07)
Relative Elevation of
station
 Cont’d
If there is no obstruction due to
intervening ground the below
h = D² /can
formula 2R (be
1-2m)
used.
Where h₂ =required elevation of B
above datum
D1 =Distance from A to the point of
tangency
D2 =Distance from B to the point of
tangency
D =the known distance between A
and B
Profile of the intervening
ground
Problems
Problem 1.
The triangulation stations A and B 50KM
apart, having elevations 243m and 260m
respectively. The intervening ground may be
assumed to have a uniform elevation, of
216m. Find the minimum height of the signal
required at B, so that the line of sight may
not pass the near the ground than 2.4m.
Solution:
Minimum elevation of the line of the sight =
216.0 + 2.4=218.4m
Cont’d
Assuming as a datum level
Elevation of A h₁ = 243.0 -218.4= 24.6m
The tangent distance D₁ corresponding to h₁
24.6= 0.0673
h=0.06735 D ₁ ² =19.12km
D₂ = D- D₁ = 50.0- 19.12 =30.88km

h₂ = 0.0673D₂² = 0.0673*30.88² = 64.18m

The line of sight at B = 218.4 + 64.18 = 282.58m
Ground level at B = 260 m
Minimum height of signal above the ground B is
282.58 – 260 = 22.58 say 23.0m
Towers
A tower is a structure erected over
a station for the support of the
instrument and observing party
and is provided when the station
or signal or both to be elevated.
It is made of masonry, timber, or
steel.
Small height – masonry tower
Higher elevation – timber tower
Easy handling – steel tower
Signals
A signal is a device erected to define
the exact position of an observed
station. The signal may be classified
as under below.
 Day light signal or non-luminous
signal
 Sun or luminous signal
 Night signal
Non-Luminous signals
Non –luminous signals – Used for
sights less than 30 Kilometres.
Under 6 km. Pole signals consisting
of round pole painted black and
white in alternate sections and
supported on a tripod.
Diameter signal varies from 1.3D to
1.9D, where D is in KM.
Height of signal in cm= 13.3D,where
D is in KM
Luminous or Sun signals:
Used when the line of sight exceeds
30km
Sun signals:
Exceeds 30km
Night signals:
Various forms of oil lamp with
reflectors less than 80km
Acetylene lamp – Upto 80km
 Phase of Signals

Phase of signal is the error of

bisection, which arises from the
fact, under illumination the signal
is partly in light and partly in
shade.
The observer sees the
illuminated portion and bisects it.
Thus the apparent displacements
of signal.
Phase correction for the
signals
Phase correction is necessary for
the following conditions.
When the observation is made on
the bright portion
When the observation is made on
the bright line
Phase correction in the Bright
portion
Bright portion is FD
A= Position of the observer
B= Centre of the signal
FD= visible portion of the illuminated surface
AE= line of sight
E=midpoint of FD
β = phase correction
Φ1 and Φ2=Angles which the extreme ends of
the visible portion make with AB
α = The angle which direction of the sun
makes with AB
r = radius of the signal
D= Distance AB
β =r cos²α/2) / Dsin 1” seconds or 206265 * (r
cos²α/2 )/D
Phase correction in the Bright
line
Cont’d
β =r cosα/2) / Dsin 1” seconds or
206265 * (r cosα/2 )/D Seconds
Baseline Measurement
Selection of site for Baseline
Base net
Base measurement apparatus
Rigid bars, Tapes ( steel tapes),
Invar tapes
Equipments for baseline
measurement
Three standard tapes
Straining device
Spring balance or pulley
Six thermometers
Marking stakes
Supporting stakes
Steel tapes for setting out tripods
Model – colby apparatus
Corrections to length of the
baseline- Tape corrections
Correction for absolute length
Correction for temperature
Correction for pull or tension
Correction for sag
Correction for slope
Correction for alignment
Reduction to sealevel
Measurement of horizontal angles
Repetition method
Direction method
Cont’d
Direction method
Ist order -16 sets
2nd order – 4 sets
3rd order – 2 sets
Satellite Station & Reduction to
centre
In order to better visibility, objects such as
church spires, flagpoles sometimes selected
as the Triangulation stations. The
observations are taken from such a station, it
is impossible to set up an instrument over it.
In such a case a satellite station or false
station is selected as near to the main station.
The observations are taken to other
triangulation stations with the same precision
as in the case of True stations. The operation
of applying the corrections due to the
eccentricity is generally known as Reduction
Centre.
Cont’d
The distance between the True
station and the Satellite station is
determined either by
Trignometrical levelling or
triangulation. These stations
should be avoided as far as
possible in Primary Triangulation.
Cont’d (Fig 1)
Cont’d
The above expressions for the true
angle α does not cover all the
four possible cases
There are four different positions
of satellite station.
Case I: Referring Fig 1
The true angle α = Ө + β₁ - β₂
Cont’d
Case II: The position of S right of B
The true angle α = Angle AOC - β₁
α = = (Ө + β₂) - β₁
Cont’d
Case III: The position of S between AC
and B
The true angle
α = Ө - β₂ - β₁
Cont’d
Case IV: The position of S is at the
end
The true angle
α = Ө - β₂ - β₁
Sign of Corrections
When number of angles are observed from the Satellite S
it is convenient to assume SB as an Arbitrary meridian.,
Observations are reduced to this meridian corrections are
computed from below formula.
β in seconds = d sin Ө / D sin 1″
it is convenient
Cont’d
Ө = observed angle reduced to
assumed meridian.
D = distance from the True station
to assumed meridian.
β ( the sign will be same as that of
sin Ө)
Eccentricity of signals
Observations are made upon a
signal which is out of centre, it is
essential to correct the angles.
β₁ = d sin (Ө + γ) / c sin1”
β2 = d sin γ / a sin1”
 Problems on satelite
station
Prob.1:
From an eccentric station S, 12.25m to the west of the
main station B, the following angles were measured.
Angle BSC =76° 25’ 32”, angle CSA = 54° 32’ 20”,
the stations S and C are to the opposite sides of the
line AB. Calculate the correct angle ABC if the lengths
AB and AC are 5286.5 and 4932.2 metres
respectively.
Soln:
Referring Fig 1 AB = c = 5286.5 m
BC = a = 4932.2 m
BS = d = 12.25 m
Cont’d
Prob.3. From a satellite station S, 5.8m from
the main triangulation station A, the
following directions were observed. Length
AB = 3265.5, AC = 4022.2 AD = 3086.4m
determine the directions of AB and AC, AD.
A 0° 0’ 0”
B 132° 18’ 30”
C 232° 24’ 6”
D 296° 6’ 11”
For line AB:
Ө = Angle reduced to the direction of SA
= 132° 18’ 30”
d = AS = 5.8m , D = AB = 3265.5 m
β = (d sin Ө / D sin 1” ) * 206625 seconds
= 270.9” = 4° 30.9” ( Direction of AB =
Direction of SB + β = 132° 23’ 0.9”
For line AC: Direction of AC = 232° 20’ 4.3”
For line AD : Direction of AD = 296° 0’ 22.9”
Trignometrical Levelling
Trignometrical levelling is the
process of determining the
differences of elevations of
stations from observed vertical
angles and known distances,
which are assumed to be either
horizontal or geodetic lengths at
mean sea level. The vertical
angles may be measured by
using theodolite and horizontal
distances may be measured by
Cont’d
Trignometrical levelling can be classified as
1. Observations for height and distances
2. Geodetical observations
Heights and distances :
1. Base of the object accessible
2. Base of the object inaccessible
(Instrument stations in the same vertical
plane)
3. Base of the object inaccessible
(Instrument stations not in the same
vertical plane)
Base of the object accessible
RL of Q = RL of P + s + Dtanα (applied
when D is small)
Base of the object accessible – D is large –
Combined of correction of curvature and
refraction considered
Cont’d
PQ’ = QP” = D
Angle QQ’P = 90
QQ’ = Dtanα
The true difference in elevation between P and
Q is QQ”
Combined correction for curvature and
refraction = Q’Q” added to QQ’ and will get
the true difference in elevation QQ”
C = 0.0673 D²
RL of Q = RL of BM + S + Dtanα + C ( Use +
for elevation, - for depression)
Base of the object Inaccessible
(Instrument station in the same
vertical plane- Axis at the same
level)
Cont’d
Let h = QQ’
α1 = Angle of elevation from A at Q
α2 = Angle of elevation from B at Q
B = horizontal distance between the instrument
station
D = horizontal distance between P and Q
∆ AQQ’ = h = D tanα1
∆ BQQ’ = h = ( b+D) tanα2
D tanα1 = ( b+D) tanα2
D = btanα2 / (tanα1 – tanα2)
h= D tanα1
h= b tan α1 tanα2 / (tanα1 – tanα2)
Cont’d (Instrument axis at
different levels)
Cont’d
Instrument axis at different
levels – Cont’d
Cont’d
Instrument axis at very different
levels
Cont’d
 Cont’d
D = btanα2 – S/ (tanα1 – tanα2)
h1 = Dtanα1
= (btanα2 – S) tanα1/ (tanα1 – tanα2)
Height of the station P above the axis at B= h – r
= btanα – r
Height of the station A above the axis at B= S=
= btanα – r +
h’
Substitute S = (b + D)tanα2 – Dtanα1
RL of Q = RL of A + h1
RL of Q = RL of B + S + h1
TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION
Cont’d
Correction for refraction (r) towards the point of
elevation = α1 – r
Correction for refraction (r) towards the point of
depression = β1 + r (Correction for refraction is
subtractive and additive tothe angle of
depression)
Co-efficient of refraction (m): It is the ratio of
angle of
Refraction and the angle subtended at the centre
of the earth by the distance over which
observation are taken.
m = r / Φ ( Values varies from 0.06 to
0.08)
Cont’d
Determination of correction for refraction (r) – Distance d small and H large
r =( Φ/ 2) – (β1 – α1)/2
Substituing r = m Φ
Β1 = α1 + Φ(1-2m), thus the observed angles of depression exceeds the angle
of elevation by the amount of Φ(1-2m)
Determination of correction for refraction (r) – Distance d large and H small
r =( Φ/ 2) – (β1 + α1)/2 which reduces to
(β1 + α1) = Φ(1-2m)
Correction for curvature:
Correction for curvature is Ө/2 for angle of elevation and –Ө / 2 for angle of
depression
Combined correction:
Angular correction of refraction = mӨ = md/ R sin 1” Seconds
Hence, combined angular correction = { d/ 2Rsin 1” – md/ Rsin 1”}
= (1-2m)d/ 2Rsin 1”
The combined correction is positive for angles of elevation and negative for
angles of depression.
.