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Optical Disc Digital Data

A Compact Disc is an optical disc that stores digital data in tiny indentations called pits. It was originally developed for sound recordings but later stored other data. A CD is made from polycarbonate plastic with a reflective aluminum layer, and data is read by a laser detecting changes in intensity between pits and lands.

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29 views

Optical Disc Digital Data

A Compact Disc is an optical disc that stores digital data in tiny indentations called pits. It was originally developed for sound recordings but later stored other data. A CD is made from polycarbonate plastic with a reflective aluminum layer, and data is read by a laser detecting changes in intensity between pits and lands.

Uploaded by

akshaya121
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an

optical disc used to store digital data. It was


originally developed to store sound recordings
exclusively, but later it also allowed the
preservation of other types of data. Audio CDs
have been commercially available since October
1982.
The Compact Disc is a spin-off of Laserdisc technology. Sony first
publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976.
In September 1978 they demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with
a 150 minute playing time, and with specifications of 44,056 Hz
sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, cross-interleaved error correction
code, that were similar to those of the Compact Disc introduced in 1982.
T
Diagram of CD layers.
A. A polycarbonate disc layer has the data encoded by using bumps.
B. A shiny layer reflects the laser.
C. A layer of lacquer helps keep the shiny layer shiny.
D. Artwork is screen printed on the top of the disc.
E. A laser beam reads the CD and is reflected back to a sensor, which
converts it into electronic data
A CD is made from 1.2 mm thick (.047 inches), almost-pure polycarbonate plastic and
weighs 15–20 grams.[21] From the center outward, components are: the center
(spindle) hole, the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking
ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the information (data) area, and the
rim.
A thin layer of aluminium or, more rarely, gold is applied to the surface making it
reflective. The metal is protected by a film of lacquer normally spin coated directly on
the reflective layer. The label is printed on the lacquer layer. Common printing
methods for CDs are screen-printing and offset printing.
CD data are stored as a series of tiny indentations known as "pits", encoded in a
spiral track molded into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits
are known as "lands". Each pit is approximately 100 nm deep by 500 nm wide, and
varies from 850 nm to 3.5 µm in length.
The distance between the tracks, the pitch, is 1.6 µm. A CD is read
by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared)
semiconductor laser through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer.
The change in height between pits (actually ridges as seen by the
laser) and lands results in a difference in intensity in the light
reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the
data can be read from the disc.
The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of
binary data. Instead, Non-return-to-zero, inverted (NRZI) encoding is used: a
change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates
a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros
between each one, which is defined by the length of the pit. This in turn is
decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used in mastering the
disc, and then reversing the Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding, finally
revealing the raw data stored on the disc.

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