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Advanced Calculus: Introduction To Differential Equations

This document provides an introduction to differential equations. It begins with definitions and terminology, discussing what differential equations are, how they are classified by type, order, and linearity. It also covers explicit and implicit solutions, systems of differential equations, and initial-value problems. The document concludes by explaining how differential equations can be used as mathematical models to represent real-world phenomena.

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Imam Mumtaz
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157 views

Advanced Calculus: Introduction To Differential Equations

This document provides an introduction to differential equations. It begins with definitions and terminology, discussing what differential equations are, how they are classified by type, order, and linearity. It also covers explicit and implicit solutions, systems of differential equations, and initial-value problems. The document concludes by explaining how differential equations can be used as mathematical models to represent real-world phenomena.

Uploaded by

Imam Mumtaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Calculus

Introduction to Differential Equations

November 2017
Introduction to Differential Equations

 Definitions and Terminology

 Initial-Value Problems

 Differential Equations as Mathematical Models


Definitions and Terminology
Introduction
 The words differential and equation certainly suggest
solving some kind of equation that contains derivatives.

 But before you start solving anything, you must learn


some of the basic defintions and terminology of the
subject
A Definition
 The derivative dy/dx of a functiony = ϕ (x) is itself another
function ϕ '(x) found by an appropriate rule.
 For example, the function is differentiable on
the interval (- ∞, ∞), and its derivative is

If we replace in the last equation by the symbol


y, we obtain
Classification by Type
 If a differential equation contains only ordinary
derivatives of one or more functions with respect to a
single independent variable it is said to be an ordinary
differential equation (ODE).
Classification by Type
 An equation involving only partial derivatives of one or more
functions of two or more independent variables is called a
partial differential equation (PDE).
Notation
 Throughout this text, ordinary derivatives will be written
using either the Leibniz notation dy/dx, d2y/dx2, d3y/dx3, •
• • , or the prime notation y', y", y"', ....
Classification by Order
 The order of a differential equation (ODE or PDE) is the
order of the highest derivative in the equation.

 The differential equations

are examples of a second-order ordinary differential


equation and a fourth-order partial differential equation,
respectively.
Classification by Linearity
Solution
Explicit and Implicit Solutions
 You should be familiar with the terms explicit and implicit
functions from your study of calculus.
 A solution in which the dependent variable is expressed
solely in terms of the independent variable and constants is
said to be an explicit solution
Systems of Differential Equations
 Up to this point we have been discussing single
differential equations containing one unknown function.

 But often in theory, as well as in many applications, we


must deal with systems of differential equations
Initial-Value Problems
Initial-Value Problem
 We are often interested in problems in which we seek a
solution y(x) of a differential equation so that y(x) satisfies
prescribed side conditions-that is, conditions that are
imposed on the unknown y(x) or on its derivatives
Differential Equations as Mathematical
Models
Mathematical Models
Mathematical Models
Mathematical Models

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