Stirling cycle cryocooler

GUIDED BY : KEVIN V PIUS

ASST. PROF. KRISHNANUNNI.S TJE15ME063
MECHANICAL-A
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
SEMESTER 7

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CONTENT
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 HISTORY
 CRYOCOOLER CLASSIFICATION
 WORKING OF STIRLING CYCLE
 COMPARISON
 ADVANTAGE
 DISADVANTAGE
 PARTS OF STIRLING CRYOCOOLER
 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE
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 ABSTRACT

A Stirling engine/cryocooler is a machine which converts heat energy into

mechanical work. It can be used for pumping water, generating electricity or
turning industrial machinery. It does not need high quality refined fuels such as
petrol or diesel to make it run, but can work on any source of heat. This makes it
suitable for applications in Developing Countries, where these fuels are difficult or
impossible to obtain, and where other types of combustible materials are locally
more readily available. Stirling cryocooler can also work on solar or geothermal
energy or waste heat from industrial processes.

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INTRODUCTION

 Cryocooler is a device for providing active cooling of something down to

cryogenic temperatures. There is a wide range of these devices (pulse tube,
Stirling, GM, Joule Thompson) that use different thermodynamic cycles and
techniques to generate the cooling.
 Cryogenic temperature refers to the temperature from −150 °C (−238 °F) to
absolute zero (−273 °C or −460 °F), the temperature at which molecular
motion comes as close as theoretically possible to ceasing completely.
Cryogenic temperatures are usually described in the absolute or Kelvin scale,
in which absolute zero is written as 0 K, without a degree sign.
 The basic type of Stirling-type cooler consists of a piston, a compression
space, and heat exchanger (all at ambient temperature Ta), a regenerator,
and a heat exchanger, expansion space, and a piston (all at the low
temperature TL).

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 Left and right the thermal contact with the surroundings at the temperatures
Ta and TL is supposed to be perfect so that the compression and expansion
are isothermal. The work, performed during the expansion, is used to reduce
the total input power. Usually helium is the working fluid.

Figure :1
 LITERATURE REVIEW
SI AUTHOR,YEAR TOPIC FINDING
NO

1 Geoffrey Green and Volume-1,cryoclooer-6 Working of Stirling cycle in the

Margaret Knox(1991) cryocooler /engine

2 Arjun M S ,Derich Abraham , Dynamic and Thermodynamic Flexure bearing , Flex bearing
Biju T kuzhiveli(2011) analyisis of stirling cryocooler regenerator.
3 Kadayam Venkatraman Theoretical Analysis and Regenerator ,stirling cycle and
Srinivasan, Manimaran Optimization of Regenerator working .
Arunachalam, Rahul Pokale, of Stirling Cryocooler
Arulprakasajothi
Mahalingam(2017)
4 Ray Radebaugh Cryocoolers : the state of the Recent development , Application ,
(2009) art and recent developments History.

5 H Snyman , T M harms , J M Design analysis methods for Analysis of striling

Strauss (2008) striling cryocoolers /engine cryocooler/engine and
classification, parts.
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HISTORY
 The Stirling engine was invented by Robert Stirling in 1816. At that time,
Stirling engines were recognized as a safe engine that could not explode like
steam engines of that era often did.
 An bloom of Stirling engine production was brought by J. Ericsson, a Swedish
inventor and engineer.

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Cryocooler classification

Closed cycle

Dynamic

Recuperative Regenerative

Valve less Valves

Stirling &
Pulse tube

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Static
WORKING OF STIRLING CYCLE
 The cycle is the same as most other heat cycles in that there are four main
process compression, heat addition, expansion and heat removal. However
this processes are not discrete, but rather transitions overlap.
 The cycle is defined as closed regenerative cycle, closed cycle means the
working fluid is permentantly contained in the thermodynamic system and
regenerative refers to the use of internal heat exchanger in order to increase
the device’s thermal efficiency.
 The cycle is reversible, meaning that if supplied with mechanical power, it
can function as a heat pump for heating or cooling, and even for cryogenic
cooling.
 A single flow channel filled with a matrix of finely divided material subject to
alternating flows of hot and cold fluids is used in regenerative heat
exchangers.

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Figure :2 10
 In the above cycle
 1-2 : Isothermal heat addition (Expansion)
 2-3 : Isochoric heat removal
 3-4 : Isothermal heat removal(Compression)
 4-1 : Isochoric heat addition

The heat rejection and heat removal takes place at constant temperature and in
constant volume.

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Figure :3
COMPARISON
GIFFORD- STIRLING PULSE TUBE BRAYTON
MACMOHAN
Low efficiency. High efficiency. Highest efficiency. Good efficiency.
(for40K<T<200K) (but only in small
sizes)
Moderate cost. Moderate cost. Low cost. Expensive in cost.
Large in size and Small in size and Small in size and Miniaturizing is
heavy. less weight. less weight. difficult.
Intrinsic vibration. Intrinsic vibration. Low vibration. Low vibration.
Reliability. Reliability Reliability is high. Reliability .
(1-3years) (5-10years)but (2-4years)
expensive for long
lifetime.
Manufacturing Large amount of Moderate amount Manufacturing
require time. product can be of product can be requires time.
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produced in short produced in short
interval. time span.
ADVANTAGES

 Highly efficient while comparing with Grifford-MacMohan and Brayton.

 Easily in handling due to its small size and less weight.
 Highly reliable.
 Can maintain the temperature close to zero.

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DISADVANTAGES

 There is no lubrication in the system.

 Vibrations are caused due to mechanical displacer.
 Long life duration cost is considerably high.

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PARTS OF STIRLING CRYOCOOLER

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Figure :4
APPLICATIONS

 IR Sensors.
example :- camera recorders
 Satellite Experiments.
example :- viewing earth science , planetary science
 High temperature superconductors.
 Used for nitrogen/air/hydrogen liquefaction.
example :-Industrial case.
 For viewing in gamma-rays and x-ray spectrum
 Military applications
example :- night vision alarm system.

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

 Flexure bearing.

Figure :5
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RECENT DEVELOPMENT(CONTINU..)

 Gas bearing

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Figure : 6
RECENT DEVELPOMENT (CONTINU..)

 Multistaging stirling cryocooler

 Used for obtaining

down temperature

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Figure : 7
CONCLUSION

 As a conclusion to this topic I would like to say that use of stirling cycle
cryocooler need more development and research. The use of stirling cycle
cryocooler need to be enhanced by using it as a key application in wide range
of opportunities .The cost of long life needed to be decreased considerably.
The problems caused by vibrations due to its working,needed to solved.

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REFERENCE

 Geoffrey Green and Margaret Knox (1992)-Volume-1,cryoclooer-6

 Ray Radebaugh (2008)- Cryocoolers: the state of the art and recent
developments
 Ray Radebaugh and R. G. Ross, Jr./NIST (2015) Cryocooler Fundamentals and
Space Applications
 Alejandro Romanelli (2017)-Alternative thermodynamic cycle for the Stirling
machine.
 American Journal of Science and Technology-Theoretical Analysis and
Optimization of Regenerator of Stirling Cryocooler.

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THANK YOU ALL

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