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Filters

The document discusses various types of filters including low-pass, high-pass, bandpass and bandstop filters. It provides figures showing the ideal transmission characteristics of these filters and examples of filter specifications. It also discusses Butterworth and Chebyshev filter responses as well as the use of LCR resonators and op amp circuits to realize filters. The Tow-Thomas biquad filter circuit is presented and equations for its design parameters are provided. Switched capacitor implementations of filters are also mentioned.

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Bhavesh Narra
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39 views

Filters

The document discusses various types of filters including low-pass, high-pass, bandpass and bandstop filters. It provides figures showing the ideal transmission characteristics of these filters and examples of filter specifications. It also discusses Butterworth and Chebyshev filter responses as well as the use of LCR resonators and op amp circuits to realize filters. The Tow-Thomas biquad filter circuit is presented and equations for its design parameters are provided. Switched capacitor implementations of filters are also mentioned.

Uploaded by

Bhavesh Narra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Active Filters

Figure 12.2 Ideal transmission characteristics of the four major filter types: (a) low-pass (LP), (b) high-pass (HP), (c) bandpass (BP), and (d)
bandstop (BS).
Figure 12.3 Specification of the transmission characteristics of a low-pass filter. The magnitude response of a filter that just meets specifications
is also shown.
Figure 12.4 Transmission specifications for a bandpass filter. The magnitude response of a filter that just meets specifications is also shown. Note
that this particular filter has a monotonically decreasing transmission in the passband on both sides of the peak frequency.
Figure 12.8 The magnitude response of a Butterworth filter.
Figure 12.12 Sketches of the transmission characteristics of representative (a) even-order and (b) odd-order Chebyshev filters.
LCR Resonator as filter

Figure 12.17 (a) The second-order parallel LCR resonator. (b, c) Two ways of exciting the resonator of (a) without changing its natural
structure: resonator poles are those poles of Vo/I and Vo/Vi.
Figure 12.20 (a) The Antoniou inductance-simulation circuit. (b) Analysis of the circuit assuming ideal op amps. The order of the analysis steps
is indicated by the circled numbers.
Figure 12.21 (a) An LCR resonator. (b) An op amp–RC resonator obtained by replacing the inductor L in the LCR resonator of (a) with a
simulated inductance realized by the Antoniou circuit of Fig. 12.20(a). (c) Implementation of the buffer amplifier K.
GENERAL TWO POLE ACTIVE
FILTER

Ref: Electronics circuits by Neamen


GENERAL TWO POLE ACTIVE
FILTER
For 1.5 db fc1=fc/0.65 For 1.5 dB fc2= fc/0.8

Ref: Operational Amplifiers … by David A Bell


Fig. 11.25 Derivation of an alternative two-integrator-loop biquad in which all op amps are used in a single-ended fashion. The
resulting circuit in (b) is known as the Tow-Thomas biquad.
Tc

V
C

Qc = V C1
Ieq= Qc/Tc = VC1/Tc

Req= V/I = Tc/ C1 = 1/fclk. C1


Time constant= Req.C2

Time constant = (C2 /(C1 ) T clk


Fig. 11.26 The Tow-Thomas biquad with feedforward. The transfer function of Eq. (11.68) is realized by feeding the input signal
through appropriate components to the inputs of the three op amps. This circuit can realize all special second-order functions. The
design equations are given in Table 11.2.
Fig. 11.37 A two-integrator-loop active-RC biquad and its switched-capacitor counterpart.

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