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Transactional Analysis: Aniruddha Telang Ma Ii, Sem Iv Roll No 15356

The document provides an overview of Transactional Analysis, a personality theory developed by Eric Berne. Some key points: - Transactional Analysis views personality as composed of three ego states - Parent, Adult, and Child. Interactions between individuals are called "transactions" and occur based on the ego states involved. - Berne mapped interpersonal relationships and analyzed transactions between individuals' different ego states. He identified types of transactions like straight, crossed, and ulterior transactions. - Berne believed people need recognition, which he termed "strokes." Games are recurring transaction patterns people engage in to acquire strokes or fulfill early decisions from their life scripts. Examples of common games include The Persecutor and The Res

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Sonali Telang
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206 views

Transactional Analysis: Aniruddha Telang Ma Ii, Sem Iv Roll No 15356

The document provides an overview of Transactional Analysis, a personality theory developed by Eric Berne. Some key points: - Transactional Analysis views personality as composed of three ego states - Parent, Adult, and Child. Interactions between individuals are called "transactions" and occur based on the ego states involved. - Berne mapped interpersonal relationships and analyzed transactions between individuals' different ego states. He identified types of transactions like straight, crossed, and ulterior transactions. - Berne believed people need recognition, which he termed "strokes." Games are recurring transaction patterns people engage in to acquire strokes or fulfill early decisions from their life scripts. Examples of common games include The Persecutor and The Res

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Sonali Telang
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© © All Rights Reserved
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TRANSACTIONAL

ANALYSIS
Aniruddha Telang
MA II, Sem IV
Roll No 15356
OVERVIEW:
• Transactional Analysis is a personality theory which gives us a
picture of how people are structured psychologically.

• Transactional Analysis is underpinned by the philosophy that


people can change and we all have a right to be in the world
and be accepted.

• Transactional Analysis (TA) was greatly influenced by one of


the foremost theories in Personality, the Psychoanalysis by
Sigmund Freud
• But Freud’s greatest contribution to Eric Berne’s theory was the fact that
the human personality is multi-faceted

• Another contributory to Eric Berne’s theory would be Dr. Wilder Penfield


who did experiments on the application of electrical currents to specific
regions of the brain.

• Berne mapped interpersonal relationships to three ego-states of the


individuals involved: the Parent, Adult, and Child state.
• He then investigated communications between individuals based on the
current state of each. He called these interpersonal
interactions transactions and used the label games to refer to certain
patterns of transactions which popped up repeatedly in everyday life.
THE THEORIST • Eric Berne was born on May 10,
1910 in Montreal Quebec,
Canada, as Leonard Eric
Bernstein.

• ErIc Berne came to the United


States in 1935.

• In 1936, he began his psychiatric


residency at the Psychiatric Clinic
of Yale University School of
Medicine, where he worked for
two years.
• Around 1938-1939,
Berne became an
American citizen and
shortened his name
Eric Leonard
Bernstein to Eric
Berne.
• He also went into
the Army Medical
Corps
• Eric Berne married
thrice and was
divorced twice in his
whole life.

• In 1947 he began to
work with Erik Erikson;
their working
relationship lasted for
two years.
• Berne's work began to
diverge from the
mainstream of
psychoanalytic
thought.
• In 1949 when he was
rejected for
membership in the San
Francisco
Psychoanalytic
Institute.
THE BIRTH OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
• Eric died on July 15,
1970. Eric Berne is
buried at the El
Carmelo Cemetery in
Pacific Grove,
California.
THE THEORY

• A transaction – the fundamental unit of social intercourse.


• A transactional stimulus. If two or more people encounter each
other…sooner or later one of them will speak, or give some other
indication of acknowledging the presence of the others.

• A transactional response. Another person will then say or do something


which is in some way related to the stimulus.
• The Agent. The person sending the stimulus.

• Respondent. The person who responds.


BERNE’S THREE EGO STATES

• The human brain works like a camcorder it


records all our thoughts, feelings and emotions
since childhood which we tend to replay in our
adult life.

• Ego state - a consistent pattern of feeling and


experience directly related to a corresponding
consistent pattern of behavior.
PARENT
• Examples of recordings
in the Parent include:
• This is a set of
feelings, thinking and • “Never talk to
strangers”
behavior that we
• “Always chew with your
have copied from our
mouth closed”
parents and
• “Look both ways before
significant others.
you cross the street
ADULT

• ego state is about direct responses to the here and now. We deal with
things that are going on today in ways that are not unhealthily influenced
by our past.

• “Wow. It really is true that pot handles should always be turned into the
stove” said Sally as she saw her brother burn himself when he grabbed a
pot handle sticking out from the stove.”
CHILD

• – is a set of behaviors, thoughts and feelings which are replayed from our
own childhood.
• - Child are the emotions or feelings which accompanied external events.

• “When I saw the monster’s face, I felt really scared”


• “The clown at the birthday party was really funny”
ANALYZING TRANSACTIONS
• Structural analysis - the process of analysing personality in terms of ego
states.

• Straight transactions (or complementary transactions) - the response must


go back from the receiving ego state to the sending ego state.
• simplest transactions are between Adult - Adult ego states.
• Parent – Child transactions are almost as simple as Adult-Adult transactions
• Crossed Transaction.
Not all transactions between humans are healthy or
normal. In those cases, the transaction is classified as
a crossed transaction.

• In a crossed transaction, an ego state different than the ego state which
received the stimuli is the one that responds.

• Example:

• Agent’s Adult: “Do you know where my cuff links are?” (note that this
stimuli is directed at the Respondents Adult).
• Respondent’s Child: “You always blame me for everything!”
• When we learn to recognize and differentiate between straight and crossed
transactions we increase our ability to communicate clearly with others.
Conversations made up of straight transactions are more emotionally
satisfying and productive than conversations that have frequent crossed
transactions.
• Transactional Analysts will pay attention to all of the cues including non-
verbal cues when analyzing a transaction and identifying which ego states
are involved.

• Dr. Mehrabian

• Actual Words – 7%
• The Way words are delivered (tone, accents on certain words, etc.) – 38%
• Facial expressions – 55%
PARENT

• Physical - angry or • Verbal - always,


never, for once and
impatient body-
for all, judgmental
language and
words, critical
expressions, finger- words, patronising
pointing, language, posturing
patronising language.
gestures,
CHILD
• Physical - emotionally • Verbal - baby talk, I
sad expressions, wish, I dunno, I want,
despair, temper I'm gonna, I don't
tantrums, whining care, oh no, not
voice, delight, again, things never
laughter, speaking go right for me, worst
behind hand, raising day of my life, bigger,
hand to speak, biggest, best, many
squirming and superlatives, words
giggling. to impress.
ADULT

Physical - • Verbal - why, what,


how, who, where and
attentive,
when, how much, in
interested, what way, comparative
straight-forward, expressions, reasoned
tilted head, non- statements, true, false,
threatening and probably, possibly, I
think, I realise, I see, I
non-threatened.
believe, in my opinion
ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS

• Berne says that we can communicate on two levels. There


is the social message – what we say, and the psychological
message – what we mean.
•
• Sarcasm is a great example of this. When we are sarcastic
what we say is the opposite of what we mean.
STROKES
• Berne defined a stroke as the “fundamental unit of social action.”

• Berne introduced the idea of strokes into Transactional Analysis based


upon the work of Rene Spitz, a researcher who did pioneering work in
the area of child development

• Berne postulated that adults need physical contact just like infants, but
have learned to substitute other types of recognition instead of physical
stimulation
• Berne defined the term recognition-hunger as this requirement of adults
to receive strokes.

• Positive or Negative, is better than no strokes at all. Or, as summarized


in TA Today, “any stroke is better than no stroke at all.”
LIFE SCRIPTS AND EARLY DECISIONS
• A life script is an unconscious life plan based on decisions made in early
childhood about ourselves, others, and our lives.

• The early decision (or sets of early decisions) is the most important part
of our life script

• It is what we do with these messages that are so important.


EXISTENTIAL POSITIONS

These are:
• I'm OK, You're OK
• I'm OK, You're Not OK
• I'm Not OK, You're OK
• I'm Not OK, You're Not OK
GAMES
• “A game is an ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions
progressing to a well-defined, predictable outcome. Descriptively, it is a
recurring set of transactions… with a concealed motivation… or gimmick

• Games are learned patterns of behaviour, and most people play a small
number of favourite games with a range of different people and in
varying intensities.
• First Degree games are played in social circles
generally lead to mild upsets not major
traumas.
• Second Degree games occur when the stakes
may be higher. This usually occurs in more
intimate circles, and ends up with an even
greater negative payoff.
• Third Degree games involve tissue damage and
may end up in the jail, hospital or morgue.
PEOPLE PLAY GAMES FOR THESE REASONS:
• to structure time
• to acquire strokes
• to maintain the substitute feeling and the system of thinking, beliefs
and actions that go with it
• to confirm parental injunctions and further the life script
• to maintain the person's life position by "proving" that self/others are
not OK
• to provide a high level of stroke exchange while blocking intimacy
and maintaining distance
• to make people predictable
EXAMPLES OF GAMES PLAYERS ARE:

• The Persecutor: "if it weren't for you", "see what


you made me do", "yes, but".

• The Rescuer: "I'm only trying to help", "what


would you do without me?"

• The Victim: "this always happens to me", "poor


old me", "go on, kick me".
CONTRACTS

• An agreement entered into by both client


and therapist to pursue specific changes that
the client desires
CONCEPT MAP

Straight Transaction
Crossed Transaction Ulterior Transaction
DISCUSSION

Similarities to Other Theories

• Transactional Analysis (TA) first and foremost is similar to that of Sigmund


Freud’s three components of the personality.

• Humanistic perspective particularly Carl Roger’s humanistic psychology.


Both theorists believe that people can change and grow.
DIFFERENCES FROM OTHER THEORIES

• Eric Berne focused on the treatment of the observable


transactions known as "games" rather than on the
unconscious drives for sex and hunger of that of Freud.
Critical Analysis
• Transactional Analysis is indeed a fresh method
in our approach to understanding ourselves. I
find it very simple and quite easy to
understand, since it uses terms that are of our
age which many people could easily relate to
it.
• I also agree to TA ‘s philosophy that indeed we
as human being have the right to be here and
we have the capacity to change and grow.
CHARACTERIZATION
• Dr. Eric Berne tried to play games with Frank
Sinatra and nearly go his teeth kicked in. Their
playground was The Daisy, a private
discotheque in Beverly Hills.
• At The Daisy, Dr. Berne’s Child had tried to engage Mr. Sinatra’s Child, but
instead reached the singer’s puritanical Parent. Deeply offended, this
Parent decided to punish this obstreperous Child and called on two men
retained for that purpose. Within the doctor’s framework, only this duo
behaved as Adults. If part of their job was to threaten other people’s teeth,
and if they fulfilled their contract, then their actions were rational, and
neither their Child nor their Parent showing.
THANK YOU! 

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