DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : G.Subba Rao & B.SanthoshaKumari
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : Electronics & Commn. Engg.
Institute : BPTC, Bapatla
Subject : Microprocessors
Subject Code : CM 405
Year/Semester : IV Semester
Topic : Introduction & Architecture
Sub -Topic : Block Diagram of 8086
Duration : 100 min.
Teaching Aids : PPT
Revised by :K.Srikanth,Lecturer,GPT,Nizamabad

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Objectives

After completion of this period ,you would be able

to learn

(i) Architecture of the Intel 8086 microprocessor

(ii) Brief description of functional units of 8086

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Recap

In the previous classes, you have studied about

• Basic operations of a Microprocessor based system

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9CM405.3TO4 4
The functional block diagram of 8086 is divided into

• Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

• Execution Unit (EU)

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• The BIU fetches instructions from memory and transfers
data between the execution unit and outside world.

• The EU decodes the instructions and executes them.

• The division of work between these two units speeds up

the processing.

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Bus Interface Unit:

The blocks present in this BIU are,

•Segment Registers

•Instruction Pointer

•The Queue

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Segment Registers:

The BIU contains four 16-bit segment registers. They

are:
1. Code Segment (CS) Register

2. Stack Segment (SS) Register

3. Extra Segment (ES) Register

4. Data Segment (DS) Register

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• Each segment has a maximum capacity of 64k
bytes
• Code segment holds the base address of memory
where instructions of a program are stored
• Data segment holds the base address of memory,
where program data, variables and constants are
stored

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• Stack segment holds the base address of stack, where
data related to stack operations are stored

• The ES stores the base address of memory, where data

corresponding to string operations are stored

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• Each segment is assigned a base address that identifies

its lowest addressed byte storage location

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Instruction queue

• 8086 processor maintains 6-byte instruction queue

• Fetched instructions are arranged in a queue

• Operates an FIFO (first in first out )

• Output of this unit is sent to execution unit

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The Execution Unit

This unit performs the following tasks,

• The EU tells the BIU where to fetch instructions or data

from

• It decodes the instructions

• Executes the instructions

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For doing above tasks, the EU has following
sections,

• Execution and Control Unit

• Decoder
• ALU
• General purpose registers
• Pointer and Index registers
• Flag registers

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Control Unit:
This unit directs the internal operations

Decoder:
This unit translates the instructions fetched
from memory into series of actions

ALU:
This unit performs arithmetic and logical
operations

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General-purpose Registers

The 8086 has four 16-bit general purpose registers.

Each is further divided into two 8-bit registers-higher

order and lower order

They are

•Accumulator AX—AH,AL

•Base Register BX---BH,BL

•Counter Register CX---CH,CL

•Data Register DX---DH,DL

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General-purpose Registers (contd.)

• These registers are used for temporary storage of

frequently used data and intermediate results

• The advantage of storing data in the internal registers

instead of memory is that they can be accessed much
faster

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Pointer and Index Registers

• There are four other general purpose registers

• Two pointer registers namely,

• Stack pointer (SP)

• Base pointer (BP)

• Two index registers namely,

• Source index (SI)

• Destination index (DI)

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 Pointer and Index Registers (contd.)

• These registers are used to store offset value of

memory address

• This is offset value is used in computing the

memory address

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Flag Register

• Flag register is a 16 bit register present in the Execution Unit

of 8086

• Flag register is also called as processor status register

(PSW)

• 9 of the 16 bits of a flag register are implemented

• It contains 6 status flags and 3 control flags

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 Flag Register (contd.)
• Flag is a flip flop which indicate some condition produced
on the execution of an instruction or controls certain
operations of EU

• Status flags are Carry flag, Parity flag, Auxiliary Carry

flag, Zero flag, Sign flag and overflow flag

• Control flags are Trap flag, Interrupt flag and Direction

flag

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Status flags
• Carry Flag (CF) :
This flag is set if there is a carry out
of the MSB in case of addition or a
borrow in case of subtraction

• Parity Flag (PF):

This flag is set if the lower byte of
the result contains even no. of 1s

• Auxiliary Carry Flag (AF):

This flag is set when there is a carry

out of the bit 3 position in an
arithmetic operation

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Status flags (contd.)
• Zero Flag (ZF) :
This flag is set if the result of an
arithmetic or logical operation is zero

• Sign Flag (SF) :

It is set if an arithmetic operation
sets the MSB (negative)

• Over Flow Flag (OF):

This flag is set if an overflow occurs i.e
if the result of a signed operation is
large enough to the capacity of the
destination location ( a carry into MSB)

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Control Flags

• Trap Flag (TF):

If this flag is set, the processor enters into single step execution
mode. i.e., the trap interrupt is generated after execution of each
instruction

• Interrupt Flag (IF):

If this flag is set, the external maskable interrupt is enabled.
Otherwise they are ignored

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Control Flags (contd.)

• Direction Flag (DF):

This is used by String manipulation instructions. If this

flag is set, the contents of index registers will be

decremented after each operation

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Summary

We have discussed about the functions of

•Segment Registers
•Instruction Pointer
•The Instruction Queue
•Execution and Control Unit
•Decoder
•ALU
•General purpose registers
•Pointer and Index registers
•Flag registers

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 Quiz
The length of Queue in 8086 is

a) 4-bytes

b) 6-bytes

c) 8-bytes

d) 16-bytes

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 Quiz (Contd.)
A segment register in 8086 holds

a) Offset address

b) Effective address

c) Base address

d) Physical address

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 Assignment

1. What are the functional units of 8086 ?

2. What is the function of segment register ?

3. What is the function of Queue ?

4. What is the function of Interrupt flag ?

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Frequently asked questions

1. Draw the block diagram of Intel 8086

2. What are the flags of 8086 ? Explain the purpose of

each flag

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