CONVERTERS

DC-to-DC and AC-to-AC

POWER ELECTRONICS

■ Is the application of solid-state electronic devices to the

control and conversion of electric power with high efficiency.
These switched-mode power converters can change and
regulate the voltage, current or power.
Classification of Power Electronics
Converter according to the type of the
input and output power:
■ DC to DC Converter (Chopper)
■ AC to DC Converter (Phase-Controlled Rectifier)
■ AC to AC Converter (Cycloconverter)
■ DC to AC Converter (Inverter)
DC to DC Converter (Chopper)
■ Is a basically static power electronics device which converts fixed DC
input to variable DC output. It is nothing but a high speed switch which
connects and disconnects the load from the source at a high rate to
get variable or chopped voltage at the output.
Features of DC-to-DC Converters
 Switched-mode
 Step-up, step-down, both, inverse
 PWM Control
 Low Power: GTO, IGBT, Power BJT, Power MOSFET
 High Power: Thyristor or SCR
 High switching frequency (>20KHz)
 Closed-loop control
Advantages Disadvantages
 High Efficiency  Complicated structure
 High Power Density  High Electromagnetic
 Low Cost interference (EMI)
 Easy to Control
Topologies of DC-to-DC Converters
 Types of DC-to-DC Converters
 Non-Isolated types
 Smaller and lighter
 Lower costs

 Isolated Types
 Efficiently convert voltage with high ratio
 Better noise filtering ability
Non-isolated DC-to-DC converters (Classical types)
 Buck Converter (Step-down)
 Boost Converter (Step-up)
 Buck-Boost Converter (inverse, step-up/step-down)
 Cuk Converter (inverse, step-up/step-down)
 Zeta Converter (step-up/step-down)
 Sepic Converter (step-up/step-down)
BUCK CONVERTER
■ In step down chopper, output voltage is less than or equal to
the input voltage.
Operation of Buck Converter
When CH is turned off, Vs is When CH is turned ON, Vs
disconnected from the load. directly appears across the
So output voltage Vo = 0. load. So Vo = Vs .
voltage waveform of step down chopper
Operation of Buck Converter with Resistive Load
1 𝑇𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑠𝑇𝑜𝑛
When CH is ON, Vo = Vs Average output voltage Vo = ‫𝑡𝑑𝑠𝑉 ׬‬ = = DVs
𝑇 0 𝑇

𝑇𝑜𝑛
Where, D is duty cycle = .
When CH is OFF, Vo = 0 𝑇

Ton can be varied from 0 to T, so 0 ≤ D ≤ 1. Hence

output voltage Vo can be varied from 0 to Vs .

1 𝑇𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑛
RMS output voltage = ‫׬‬ 𝑉𝑠
2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐷Vs
𝑇 0 𝑇

Therefore, Effective Input Resistance

𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑅
Ri = = =
𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐷𝑉𝑠Τ𝑅 𝐷
BOOST CONVERTER
■ Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load voltage higher than
the input voltage
Operation of Boost Converter
By equating the 2 equations
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
■ We can increase or decreases the input voltage level as its
output side as per our requirement
Operation of Buck-Boost Converter
Other Non-Isolated Converters
Isolated DC-to-DC converters
 Flyback Converter
 Forward Converter
Applications of DC-to-DC Converters
■ DC Power supplies (SMPS)
■ Battery chargers
■ Power factor correction
converters (PFCC)
■ Motor Drives
 Brush-type and brushless DC drives
 Switched Reluctance motor (SRM drives)

■ Electric Vehicle
■ Electric brakes
Formulas:
■ Average Voltage or DC Voltage: Vo(ave) = δ (Vs – Vchop)

■ Effective Voltage or RMS Voltage: Vo(rms) = δ (Vs – Vchop)

δ (Vs – Vchop) 2
■ Load Power: Po =
𝑅𝐿

where: δ = Duty Cycle

𝑇𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑛
δ= =
𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑛+𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓
Sample Problem #1
For a step down chopper, the DC source voltage is 230 V with a load resistance of 10 Ω.
When it is ON, the voltage drop across it is 2V. Calculate the average and RMS output
voltage and the chopper efficiency if the duty cycle is 0.4.
Solution
Po
%η = x 100%
Vo(ave) = δ (Vs – Vchop) Pi

= 0.4(230V – 2V) δ (Vs – Vchop) 2

Vo(ave) = 91.2 V = δ (Vs – Vchop)Vs x 100%
𝑅𝐿

𝑅𝐿

0.4 (230V – 2V) 2

Vo(rms) = δ (Vs – Vchop)
= 0.4 (230V – 2V)(230V) x 100%
10

= 0.4 (230V – 2V) 10

Vo(rms) = 144.2V
= 99.13%
Sample Problem #2
A chopper circuit operates at a frequency of 5 kHz on a 480 V supply of the load voltage
of 330 V. Determine the conduction period of the thyristor in each cycle.
Solution
Ton δ 0.6875
δ = = Ton(f) Ton = = = 137 µs
T f 5kHz
δ
Ton =
f

Vo(ave) = δVs
Vo(ave) 330V
δ= = = 0.6875
Vs 480V
Sample Problem #3
A DC-to-DC chopper is operating from a 48 V source with a resistive load of 24Ω and the
chopper frequency is 250Hz. Determine the RMS current when Ton = 3ms.
Solution
Vo rms 0.75(48V)
Io(rms) = ( ) Io(rms) = = 1.732A
RL 24Ω

Vo(rms) = δ (Vs)
Ton
δ= = Ton(f) = (3ms)(250Hz)
T
δ = 0.75
AC to AC Converter (Cycloconverter)
■ AC voltage controllers are used to drive loads that need variable or regulated AC
power. It normally takes main supply as the input and provides variable AC to the
load.
■ There are two different types of thyristor control used in practice to control the AC
power flow
- On-Off Control
- Phase Control
■ The AC Voltage controllers are classified:
- Single Phase AC Controllers: Uni-directional or Half wave AC Controller
- Three Phase AC Controllers: Bi-directional or Full wave AC Controller
Applications of AC Choppers
Lighting / Illumination Control in AC Power Circuits
 Induction Heating

Speed Control of Induction Motors

Formulas: Single Phase Unidirectional AC Converter

■ Average Voltage or DC Voltage:

Vm
Vo(ave) = (cosα -1)
2π
■ Effective Voltage or RMS Voltage:
2π −α + 2sin2α
1
Vm
Vo(rms) =
2 π
Sample Problem: Single Phase Unidirectional AC
Converter
A Single phase Half-wave AC voltage controller has a load resistance R = 50Ω, input AC
supply voltage is 230 V RMS at 50Hz. The input supply transformer has a turns ratio of
1:1. If the thyristor T1 is triggered at α = 60o.
Calculate:
a. RMS Output voltage
b. Output Power
c. RMS Load Current and Average Load Current
d. Input Power Factor
e. Average and RMS Thyristor Current
Solution
Given: Vp = 230V, RMS Primary Supply Voltage
f = 50Hz
Vp Np 1
RL = 50Ω = = = 1, Therefore Vp = Vs = 230V
Vs Ns 1
π
α = 60o = radians
3

Vs = RMS Secondary Voltage

a. RMS Output Voltage

1 sin2α
Vo(RMS) = Vs 2π − α +
2π 2

1 π sin120o
= 230 2π − +
2π 3 2

= 218.47 V
b. Output Power
Po = I2o(RMS) x RL = (4.36939)2 x 50 = 954.5799 Watts
Po = 0.9545799 KW

c. RMS Load Current and Average Load Current

Vo RMS 218.46966
Io(RMS) = ( ) = = 4.36939 Amps
RL 50

d. Input Power Factor

Po 954.5799
PF = = = 0.9498
Vs x Is (230 x 4.36939)
Formulas: Single Phase Bidirectional AC Converter

■ Average Voltage or DC Voltage:

Vo(ave) = 0
■ Effective Voltage or RMS Voltage:
π −α + sin2α
1
Vo(rms) = Vm 2
2π
Sample Problem: Single Phase Bidirectional AC
Converter
A single-phase bidirectional AC regulator has a load resistance of 10Ω and the supply
voltage is 230 V RMS at 50Hz. Solve the power absorbed by the load if the firing angle
is 45o.
Solution:
π −α + 2sin2α
1
Vo rms 2
Pload = where: Vo(rms) = Vm
RL 2π
2
π
π− 45(180 ) + 12sin2(45)
(230 2)( 2π
)
Pload =
10

Pload = 4.8KW
THANK YOU!