Scribd
Upload
306 views21 pages

Batteries Presentation

The document discusses the history and development of batteries from the voltaic pile invented in 1800 to modern lithium-ion batteries. It describes key batteries such as the Daniell cell (1836), lead-acid battery (1859), Leclanché cell (1866), zinc-carbon/dry cell (1886), nickel-cadmium (1899), alkaline batteries (1959), nickel-metal hydride (rechargeable with hydrogen alloy anode), lithium (disposable with lithium anode), and lithium-ion (rechargeable with lithium ion movement between electrodes). Each new battery type aimed to improve on limitations of prior designs like hydrogen bubbling or increase energy capacity.

Uploaded by

S A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
306 views21 pages

Batteries Presentation

The document discusses the history and development of batteries from the voltaic pile invented in 1800 to modern lithium-ion batteries. It describes key batteries such as the Daniell cell (1836), lead-acid battery (1859), Leclanché cell (1866), zinc-carbon/dry cell (1886), nickel-cadmium (1899), alkaline batteries (1959), nickel-metal hydride (rechargeable with hydrogen alloy anode), lithium (disposable with lithium anode), and lithium-ion (rechargeable with lithium ion movement between electrodes). Each new battery type aimed to improve on limitations of prior designs like hydrogen bubbling or increase energy capacity.

Uploaded by

S A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Batteries

Voltaic Pile
The voltaic pile was the first electrical battery
that could continuously provide an electrical
current to a circuit. It was invented
by Alessandro Volta, who published his
experiments in 1800.

In 1800, Volta stacked several pairs of


alternating copper and zinc discs (electrodes)
separated by cloth or cardboard soaked
in brine (electrolyte) to increase the electrolyte
conductivity. When the top and bottom
contacts were connected by a wire, an
electric current flowed through the voltaic pile
and the connecting wire.
2 H2O + 2 e- → 2 HO- + H2

Zn → Zn2+ + 2 e-
Daniell Cell
The Daniell cell is a type of electrochemical
cell invented in 1836 by John Frederic Daniell, a
British chemist and meteorologist, and consisted
of a copper pot filled with a copper
sulfate solution, in which was immersed an
unglazed earthenware container filled
with sulfuric acid and a zinc electrode.

He was searching for a way to eliminate the


hydrogen bubble problem found in the voltaic
pile, and his solution was to use a second
electrolyte to consume the hydrogen produced
by the first
Lead-Acid Battery
The lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French
physicist Gaston Planté and is the oldest type
of rechargeable battery.

Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a


low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability to supply
high surge currents means that the cells have a
relatively large power-to-weight ratio.

These features, along with their low cost, makes it


attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high
current required byautomobile starter motors.
Leclanché Cell
The Leclanché cell is a battery invented and
patented by the French Scientist Georges
Leclanché in 1866.

The battery contained a conducting solution


(electrolyte) of ammonium chloride,
a cathode (positive terminal) of carbon,
a depolarizer of manganese dioxide, and
an anode (negative terminal) of zinc.

The chemistry of this cell was later successfully


adapted to manufacture dry cells.

Video
Zinc-carbon cell
(The first dry cell)
In 1886, Carl Gassner obtained a German patent (No. 37,758)
on a variant of the Leclanché cell, which came to be known as
the dry cell because it did not have a free liquid electrolyte.

Instead, the ammonium chloride was mixed with Plaster of


Paris to create a paste, with a small amount of zinc
chloride added in to extend the shelf life.

The manganese dioxide cathode was dipped in this paste, and


both were sealed in a zinc shell, which also acted as the
anode. In November 1887, he obtained U.S. Patent 373,064 for
the same device.

Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2 e− [E° = -0.7626 V]


2MnO2(s) + 2 e− + 2NH4Cl(aq) → Mn2O3(s) + 2NH3(aq) + H2O(l) + 2 Cl− [E° ≈ +0.5 V]
Nickel-cadmium battery
(The first alkaline battery)
In 1899, a Swedish scientist named Waldemar Jungner invented the nickel-cadmium battery.
The Nickel-cadmium battery uses nickel oxide in its positive electrode (cathode), a cadmium
compound in its negative electrode (anode), and potassium hydroxide solution as its
electrolyte.

The Nickel Cadmium Battery is rechargeable, so it can cycle repeatedly. A nickel cadmium
battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy upon discharge and converts
electrical energy back to chemical energy upon recharge.

In a fully discharged Ni-Cd battery, the cathode contains nickel hydroxide [Ni(OH)2] and
cadmium hydroxide [Cd(OH)2] in the anode. When the battery is charged, the chemical
composition of the cathode is transformed and the nickel hydroxide changes to nickel
oxyhydroxide [NiOOH]. In the anode, cadmium hydroxide is transformed to cadmium. As the
battery is discharged, the process is reversed, as shown in the following formula.

Cd + 2H2O + 2NiOOH —> 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2


Advantages of Ni-cd batteries:

•Low internal resistance


•High rate charge and discharge rate possible
•Up to 10C discharge rates for short periods typical
•Flat discharge characteristic (but falls off rapidly at
the end of the cycle)
•Tolerates deep discharges - can be deep cycled.
•Wide temperature range (Up to 70°C)
•Typical cycle life is over 500 cycles.
•Charging process is strongly endothermic-the battery
cools during charging. This makes it possible to
charge very quickly, as the I2R heating and
endothermic chemical reaction counteract each other.
•Rapid charge typically 2 hours, but can be as low as
10 to 15 minutes.
•The coulombic efficiency of nickel cadmium is over
80% for a fast charge but can drop to below 50% for
slow charging.
•The sealed nickel-cadmium cell can be stored in the
charged or discharged state without damage. It can
be restored for service by recharging several
charge/discharge cycles.
•Available in a large variety of sizes and capacities
Common Alkaline Batteries
Until the late 1950s the zinc-carbon battery continued to be a
popular primary cell battery, but its relatively low battery life
hampered sales.

In 1955, an engineer working for Union Carbide at the National


Carbon Company Parma Research Laboratory named Lewis
Urry was tasked with finding a way to extend the life of zinc-
carbon batteries, but Urry decided instead that alkaline
batteries held more promise. Until then, longer-lasting alkaline
batteries were unfeasibly expensive. Urry's battery consisted of
a manganese dioxide cathode and a powdered zinc anode
with an alkaline electrolyte. Using powdered zinc gave the
anode a greater surface area. These batteries hit the market in
1959.
Zn (s) + 2HO− (aq) → ZnO (s) + H2O (l) + 2e−

MnO2 (s) + H2O (l) + e− → MnO(OH)(s) + HO− (aq)


Nickel-metal hybride
battery
A nickel–metal hydride battery,
abbreviated NiMH or Ni–MH, is a type
of rechargeable battery. Its chemical reactions are
somewhat similar to the nickel–cadmium cell (NiCd).

NiMH use positive electrodes of nickel oxyhydroxide


(NiOOH), like the NiCd, but the negative electrodes
use a hydrogen-absorbing alloyinstead of cadmium,
being in essence a practical application of nickel–
hydrogen battery chemistry.

A NiMH battery can have two to three times the


capacity of an equivalent size NiCd, and
their energy density approaches that of a lithium-ion
cell.
Lithium Battery
Lithium batteries are disposable (primary) batteries that
have lithium metal or lithium compounds as an anode. anode
They stand apart from other batteries in their high charge cathode
density (long life) and high cost per unit. Depending on
the design and chemical compounds used, lithium cells
can produce voltages from 1.5 V (comparable to a zinc–
carbon or alkaline battery) to about 3.7 V.

By comparison, lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable


batteries in which lithium ions move between the anode
and the cathode, using
an intercalated lithium compound as the
electrode material instead of the metallic lithium used in
lithium batteries.

Lithium batteries are widely used in products such as


portable consumer electronic devices.
Lithium-ion Battery
A lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB)
is a member of a family of rechargeable
battery types in which lithium ions move from the
negative electrode to the positive electrode during
discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries
use an intercalated lithium compound as
one electrode material, compared to
the metallic lithium used in a non-
rechargeable lithium battery.

The electrolyte which allows for ionic movement,


and the two electrodes are the consistent
components of a lithium-ion cell.

Lithium-ion batteries are common in consumer


electronics. They are one of the most popular types
of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics,
with a high energy density, no memory effect, and
only a slow loss of charge when not in use.

You might also like