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Foriegn Policy

The document discusses different concurrency control protocols used to maintain consistency when multiple transactions access shared data concurrently. It describes three main problems that can occur without concurrency control: lost updates, dirty reads, and unrepeatable reads. It then explains three common concurrency control protocols - lock-based, timestamp ordering, and validation-based protocols - and provides details on how each works.

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Qasim Ali Zafar
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45 views

Foriegn Policy

The document discusses different concurrency control protocols used to maintain consistency when multiple transactions access shared data concurrently. It describes three main problems that can occur without concurrency control: lost updates, dirty reads, and unrepeatable reads. It then explains three common concurrency control protocols - lock-based, timestamp ordering, and validation-based protocols - and provides details on how each works.

Uploaded by

Qasim Ali Zafar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Waqas Ali (BSIT-F17-43)

Zartash Anwar (BSIT-F17-50)


Muhammad Haseeb Riaz (BSIT-F17-47)
Muhammad Qasim Ali (BSIT-F17-33)
Muhammad Shahroz Arshad (BSIT-F17-37)
‫الر ِح ْي ِم‬
‫الر ْح ٰم ِن َّ‬ ‫ِب ْس ِم ِ‬
‫هللا َّ‬
Concurrency Control
with
Locking Serializability
Concurrency Control

 In the concurrency control, the multiple transactions can


be executed simultaneously.

 It may affect the transaction result. It is highly important


to maintain the order of execution of those transactions.
Problems of concurrency control
Several problems can occur when concurrent
transactions are executed in an uncontrolled manner.
Following are the three problems in concurrency
control.

 Lost updates
 Dirty read
 Unrepeatable read
1. Lost Update Problem

 When two transactions that access the same database


items contain their operations in a way that makes the
value of some database item incorrect, then the lost
update problem occurs.
2. Dirty Read

 The dirty read occurs in the case when one transaction


updates an item of the database, and then the
transaction fails for some reason. The updated database
item is accessed by another transaction before it is
changed back to the original value.
3. Inconsistent Retrievals Problem

 Inconsistent Retrievals Problem is also known as


unrepeatable read. When a transaction calculates some
summary function over a set of data while the other
transactions are updating the data, then the Inconsistent
Retrievals Problem occurs.
Concurrency Control Protocol
Concurrency control protocols ensure atomicity,
isolation, and serializability of concurrent transactions. The
concurrency control protocol can be divided into three
categories:

 Lock based protocol


 Time-stamp protocol
 Validation based protocol
Lock-Based Protocol
In this type of protocol, any transaction cannot read or write
data until it acquires an appropriate lock on it. There are two
types of lock:
1. Shared lock:
 It is also known as a Read-only lock. In a shared lock, the data
item can only read by the transaction.
 It can be shared between the transactions because when the
transaction holds a lock, then it can't update the data on the
data item.
2. Exclusive lock:
 In the exclusive lock, the data item can be both reads as well
as written by the transaction.
 This lock is exclusive, and in this lock, multiple transactions do
not modify the same data simultaneously.
Timestamp Ordering Protocol
 The Timestamp Ordering Protocol is used to order the
transactions based on their Timestamps. The order of
transaction is nothing but the ascending order of the
transaction creation.
 The priority of the older transaction is higher that's why it
executes first. To determine the timestamp of the transaction,
this protocol uses system time or logical counter.
 The lock-based protocol is used to manage the order between
conflicting pairs among transactions at the execution time. But
Timestamp based protocols start working as soon as a
transaction is created.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
TO protocol:
 TO protocol ensures serializability since the precedence graph
is as follows:

 TS protocol ensures freedom from deadlock that means no


transaction ever waits.
 But the schedule may not be recoverable and may not even be
cascade- free.
Validation Based Protocol
Validation phase is also known as optimistic concurrency
control technique. In the validation based protocol, the
transaction is executed in the following three phases:

 Read phase: In this phase, the transaction T is read and


executed. It is used to read the value of various data
items and stores them in temporary local variables. It can
perform all the write operations on temporary variables
without an update to the actual database.
 Validation phase: In this phase, the temporary variable
value will be validated against the actual data to see if it
violates the serializability.

 Write phase: If the validation of the transaction is


validated, then the temporary results are written to the
database or system otherwise the transaction is rolled
back.

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