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Presented By:: Moiz Khan Esha Saeed Iqra Rafique Sidra Sattar

The document discusses the differences between the first and second derivatives. It defines the first derivative as the slope of the tangent line and indicates what it reveals about a function's increasing or decreasing behavior. The second derivative is defined as relating to concavity, points of inflection, and determining local extrema. Examples are provided to demonstrate these concepts graphically and through calculations. Applications are also presented, such as finding maximum volume of a cone inscribed in a sphere.

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Moiz khan
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62 views27 pages

Presented By:: Moiz Khan Esha Saeed Iqra Rafique Sidra Sattar

The document discusses the differences between the first and second derivatives. It defines the first derivative as the slope of the tangent line and indicates what it reveals about a function's increasing or decreasing behavior. The second derivative is defined as relating to concavity, points of inflection, and determining local extrema. Examples are provided to demonstrate these concepts graphically and through calculations. Applications are also presented, such as finding maximum volume of a cone inscribed in a sphere.

Uploaded by

Moiz khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

PRESENTED BY:

Moiz Khan
Esha Saeed
Iqra Rafique
Sidra Sattar
TOPIC:
Differentiate between 1𝑠𝑡 and 2𝑛𝑑
derivative test .
WHO INVENT DERIVATIVE?

Seventeenth century ,Sir Isaac Newton, an English


mathematician (1642-1727) and Gottfried
Whilhelm Leibniz, A German mathematician
(1646-1716) considered the problem of
instantaneous rates of change.
OBJECTIVE:
Changes in area, volume……..
Dependent variable
Independent variable
AGENDA:
FIRST DERIVATIVE: SECOND DERIVATIVE:
Critical point Bends or turns of a function
Increasing Function Concavity
Decreasing Function Point of inflection
Local extrema Local extrema

Graphing of a function
Differentiate First and Second Derivative By
Definition :
FIRST DERIVATIVE SECOND DERIVATIVE
The first derivative of a function is an The second derivative tells us a lot about
expression which tells us the slope the qualitative behavior of the graph. If
of a tangent line to the curve at any the second derivative is positive at a
instant. Because of this definition, the
point, the graph is concave up. If the
first derivative of a function tells us
much about the function. If is second derivative is positive at a critical
positive, then must be increasing. If is point, then the critical point is a local
negative, then must be decreasing. minimum. The second derivative will be
zero at an inflection point..
INCREASING OR DECREASING OF FUNCTION

By Definition:
If f’(x)> 0 at each point x€ (a,b), then f is increasing on [a,b]
If f’(x)<0 at each point x€ (a,b), then f is decreasing on [a,b]
Example: f’(x)=3𝑥 2 − 12 = 3 𝑥 2 − 4 = 3(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
Interval -∞ < 𝑥 < - 2 -2<𝑥<2 2<𝑥<∞
f’ evaluated f’(-3) = 15 f’(0) = -12 f’(3) = 15
Sign of f’ + - +
increasing decreasing increasing
Behavior of f -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
INCREASING OR DECREASING OF
FUNCTION BY GRAPH:
CRITICAL POINT:

ƒ(x)= 3 𝑥 2 - 12
Differentiate with respect to ‘x’
ƒ′(x) = 3 𝑥 2 - 12
ƒ′(x) = 3(𝑥 2 - 4)
ƒ′(x) = 3(x + 2)(x - 2)
For critical point ƒ′(x) =0
3(x + 2)(x - 2)=0
x + 2=0 x - 2 =0
x = -2 x=2
LOCAL EXTREMA BY DEFINITION:

if ƒ′ changes from negative to positive at c, then ƒ has a local


minimum at c.
 if ƒ′ changes from positive to negative at c, then ƒ has a local
maximum at c;
if ƒ′ does not change sign at c (that is, ƒ′ is positive on both
sides of c or negative on both sides), then ƒ has no local
extremum at c.
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL
EXTREMA:
CONCAVITY BY DEFINITION:

For second derivative:


Let y = ƒ(x) be twice-differentiable on an interval I.
 If ƒ″ > 0 on I, the graph of ƒ over I is concave up.
 If ƒ″ < 0 on I, the graph of ƒ over I is concave down.
Concatvity Changes at Point of Inflection:
INFLECTION POINT:

Point where concavity changes


Point where second derivative changes sign
Possibility happen when f’’ = 0 or f ’’ is undefined
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL
EXTREMA:

Suppose ƒ″ is continuous on an open interval that contains x = c.


If ƒ′(c) = 0 and ƒ″(c) < 0, then ƒ has a local maximum at x = c.
 If ƒ′(c) = 0 and ƒ″(c) > 0, then ƒ has a local minimum at x = c.
 If ƒ′(c) = 0 and ƒ″(c) = 0, then the test fails. The function ƒ may
have a local maximum, a local minimum, or neither
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST BY GRAPH:
HOW WE CAN CREATE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION:

 Identify the domain of ƒ and any symmetries the curve may have.

 Find the derivatives y′ and y″.


 Find the critical points of ƒ, if any, and identify the function’s behavior at each
one.
 Find where the curve is increasing and where it is decreasing.
 Find the points of inflection, if any occur, and determine the concavity of the
curve.
 Identify any asymptotes that may exist.
GRAPHICAL BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS
FROM DERIVATIVES:
Physical Applications of Derivative
Vertical motion:
The height above ground of an object moving vertically is given by
s =-16𝑡 2 + 96t + 112,
with s in feet and t in seconds. Find
a) the object’s velocity when ;
b) its maximum height and when it occurs;
c) its velocity when s = 0
SOLUTION:
a) s(t)=-16𝑡 2 +96t+112
V(t)=𝑠 ′ (t)=-32t+96
At t=0 , the velocity is v(0)=96 ft/sec.

b) The maximum height occurs when v(t)=0, when t=3 . The maximum height is s(3)=256 ft and it occurs at
t=3 sec.

c) Note that s(t)=-16𝑡 2 +96t+112


= -16(t+1)(t-7)
so, s=0 at t=-1 or t =7
Choosing the positive value t, the velocity when s=0 is v(7)=-128 ft/sec
MATHEMATICAL APPLICATIONS:

Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be inscribed in a
sphere of radius 3.

3
3
SOLUTION:
1
The volume of the cone is V= 𝜋𝑟 2 h
3

where r = x = 9 − 𝑦 2 and h = y + 3 (from the figure in the text)


𝜋
Thus, v(y)= 3 ( 9 - 𝑦 2 )(y+3)
𝜋
= 3 (27+ 9y - 3 𝑦 2 - 𝑦 3 )
𝜋
V′(y)= (9 - 6y - 3 𝑦 2 )=> 𝜋 (1 - y)(3 + y).
3

The critical points are -3 and 1, but -3 is not in the domain.


𝜋
Thus,V′’ (1)= (-6-6(1))<0 at y=1 we have a maximum volume of
3
𝜋
V(1)= 3 (8)(4) cubic units.
BIOLOGICAL APPLICATION:
Sensitivity to medicine:
Find the amount of medicine to
which the body is most sensitive by finding the value of M that
maximizes the derivative 𝑑𝑅Τ𝑑𝑀,where
2 𝐶 𝑀
R=𝑀 ( − )
2 3

and C is a constant.
SOLUTION:
 We have. Solving
𝑑𝑅
= CM - 𝑀2
𝑑𝑀

Solving:
𝑑2𝑅
= C – 2M = 0
𝑑𝑀2
𝐶
M=
2

𝑑3𝑅
Also, 3 = -2 < 0
𝑑𝑀
𝐶
at M= there is a maximum.
2
Business and Economics Application
Production level:
Show that if r(𝑥) = 6𝑥 and c(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 - 6𝑥 2 +15𝑥 are you
revenue and cost functions, then the best you can do is break even (have revenue equal
cost).

Solution:
The profit p(x) = r(x) - c(x) => 6𝑥 – (𝑥 3 - 6𝑥 2 +15𝑥)
= -𝑥 3 - 6𝑥 2 - 9𝑥,where 𝑥 >0
Then, P’(𝑥) = - 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 – 9 =>-3(𝑥 2 - 4𝑥 + 3)
P’(𝑥) = -3 (𝑥-3) (𝑥-1)
P’’(𝑥) = -6𝑥 +12
The critical points are 1 and 3.
Thus P’’(1) = 6 > 0
At 𝑥 = 1 there is a local minimum
P’’(3) = -6 < 0
At 𝑥 = 3 there is a local maximum
But P (3) = 0
the best you can do is break even.
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