Citation and Reference List

Reasons of Citation
There are three reasons to cite the materials you use:

 To give credit to others’ work and ideas, whether you agree

with them or not. When you use their words, you must give
them credit by using both quotation marks and citations.

 To show readers the materials on which you base your

analysis, your narrative, or your conclusions.

 To guide readers to the materials you have used so that

they can examine it for themselves. Their interest might be
to confirm your work, to challenge it, or simply to explore it
further.
 Taken together, these citations fully disclose your
sources. That’s important for academic integrity in
several ways:

1. good citations parcel out credit. Some belongs to

you for the original work you did; you need to take full
responsibility for it. Some belongs to others for their
words, ideas, data, drawings, or other work. You need
to acknowledge it, openly and explicitly.

2. if you relied on others’ work in order to tell your

story, explain your topic, or document your
conclusions, you need to say exactly what you used.
 Take a simple paper about World War I. No one writing today
learned about it firsthand.
 What we know, we learned by reading books and articles, by
examining original documents and news reports, by listening
to oral histories, by reviewing data compiled by military
historians, and perhaps by viewing photographs or movies.

 When we write about the war, then, we should say how we

acquired our information. The only exception is “commonly
known information,” something that everyone in the field
clearly understands and that does not require any
substantiation.
 There’s no need for a footnote to prove Woodrow Wilson was
actually president of the United States. But if you referred to
his speech declaring war, you would need a proper citation. If
you used his words, you’d need quotation marks, too.
3. Your readers may want to pursue a particular issue
you cover. Citations should lead them to the right
sources, whether those are books, interviews, archival
documents, Web sites, poems, or paintings. That
guidance serves several purposes:

i. Sceptical readers may doubt the basis for your

work or your conclusions.

ii. Others may simply want to double-check them or

do more research on the topic. Your citations should
point the way.
Thus, good citations should:
i. reveal your sources, not conceal them
ii. honestly show the research you conducted or,
iii. give credit where credit is due, disclose the materials
on which you base your work &
iv.guide readers to that material so they can explore it
further.

 Citations like these accurately reflect your work and

that of others. They show the ground on which you
stand.
 Whenever you cite information (this includes
graphics) from another source, you must credit the
source in your References.
 Proper documentation involves referencing all of
your sources clearly. Different professional
organizations and corporations have developed their
own formats for referencing sources, although most
formats include the same information.
 As a result, you will see a number of different
referencing styles in use professionally.
 The two parts to referencing are:
a) Citations in the text of the report
b) A list of references in the final section

 A citation shows that information comes from another

source.
 The reference list gives the details of these sources.
 You need to use in-text citations and provide details in the
references section when:

i. you incorporate information from other sources: e.g. factual

material, graphs and tables of data, pictures and diagrams

ii. you quote word-for-word from another work (when you do this the
page number must be given in the in-text citation).
 However, if you don’t acknowledge the sources you have
used in your report and use others ideas as if yours, it is
considered as a academic theft, which is known as
Plagiarism.

 “Plagiarism” refers to the unacknowledged use of other

people’s work, whether this work is in the form of ideas
taken without acknowledgment, or sentences copied
without documentation. Plagiarism is intellectual theft.

 Plagiarism is an offence under the University’s Code of

Conduct (Academic).
 Acknowledging your sources(citing them properly,
using one of several styles) is crucial to doing honest
academic work.

 The one you choose depends on your field, your

professor’s advice if you are a student, and your own
preferences. There are three major citation styles:
 Chicago (or Turabian), used in many fields
 MLA, used in the humanities
 APA, used in social sciences, education, engineering,
and business
Example : A book with one author
Author ‘ Name= Boas Franz Year of pub=1940
Place of pub=New York, Publisher=The Macmillan
Company
APA Style
Boas, F.(1940). Race, Language and Culture. New York:
Macmillan Company
MLA Style
Boas, Franz. Race, Language and Culture. New York:
Macmillan Company,1940.
Chicago Style
Boas, Franz. 1940. Race, Language and Culture. New
York: Macmillan Company.
 APA Style
In-Text Citations and Reference Lists

What does it mean to credit sources?

• Crediting sources gives an author or resource credit for
original information. Crediting sources in your paper includes
two parts:
– In-Text Citations: When you present information in the
body of your paper, you briefly identify its source.

– Reference List: On a separate page at the end of your

paper, you write a detailed list of the sources cited in your
paper.
• The in-text citations and reference list should credit the exact
same sources.
 What should you credit?
• Any information that you learned from another source
including facts, statistics, opinions, theories,
photographs, and charts

• Credit these sources when you mention their

information in any way (quotations, summaries,
paraphrases)

• EXCEPTION: Information that is common knowledge

– Barack Obama is the president of the United States.
– The declaration of independence was signed July 4, 1776.
 In-Text Citation
• An in-text citation usually includes the following
information:

– Author’s last name (no first name or initial)

– Publication date (year only—even for
electronic sources)
– Page number (required for quotations;
optional for paraphrases)

• The rest of the information about the source appears in the

reference list.
 In-Text Citation Format
1.Author’s name and publication year at end of sentence
• People with bipolar disorder often have lower wages,
higher unemployment, work absenteeism, reliance on
workmen’s compensation, higher rates of divorce, lower
levels of educational attainment, higher arrest rates, and
hospitalization (Leahy, 2007).

2.Author’s name in the sentence immediately followed by

year
• According to Leahy (2007), people with bipolar disorder
often have lower wages, higher unemployment, work
absenteeism, reliance on workmen’s compensation,
higher rates of divorce, lower levels of educational
attainment, higher arrest rates, and hospitalization.
In-Text Citations with Quotations (under 40 words
1.Author’s name, year, and page number
immediately following quotation
• Genres are “abstract, socially recognized ways of
using language” (Hyland, 2003, p. 21).

2.Author’s name in the sentence immediately

followed by year ; page number immediately
following quotation
• According to Hyland (2003), genres are “abstract,
socially recognized ways of using language” (p.
354).
 In-Text Citations
Basic Author Name
in Sentence
When you (Leahy, 2007) Leahy (2007)
summarize or
paraphrase a
source
When you (Hyland, 2003, p. Hyland (2003)
quote a 21) “…” (p. 21)
source
 Practice exercise
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8
 Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently
social.
 Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and
through social practices.”
 The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and
through social practices” lends support for social learning
theories.
 Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.
 Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through
social practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8

 Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social

(Gee, 2005).

 Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through

social practices.”

 The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through
social practices” lends support for social learning theories.

 Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.

 Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social
practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8

• Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social

(Gee, 2005).

• Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through

social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).

• The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through
social practices” lends support for social learning theories.

• Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.

• Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social
practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8

• Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social

(Gee, 2005).

• Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through

social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).

• The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social
practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for social learning theories.

• Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.

• Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social
practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8
• Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently
social (Gee, 2005).
• Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and
through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).

• The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and

through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for
social learning theories.
• Gee (2005) believes that the meaning of language is inherently
social.
• Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through
social practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8
• Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently
social (Gee, 2005).
• Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and
through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).
• The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and
through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for
social learning theories.
• Gee (2005) believes that the meaning of language is inherently
social.
• Gee’s theory that (2005) “language has meaning only in and
through social practices” (p. 8)lends support for social learning
theories.
 In-Text Citations: Multiple Authors
Basic Author Name(s) in
Sentence

2 Authors (Verhaak& de Haan, Verhaak and de Haan

2007) (2007)

3-5 Authors first citation first citation

(Zandt, Prior, &Kyrios, Zandt, Prior, and Kyrios
2006) (2006)

subsequent citations subsequent citations

(Zandt et al., 2006) Zandt et al. (2006)

6+ Authors (Storch et al., 2006) Storch et al. (2006)

 In-Text Citations: Other Variations
Basic Author Name(s) in
Sentence
Group as Author (University of University of
Pittsburgh, 2007) Pittsburgh (2007)
No Author (“Study Finds,” 2007) “Study Finds”
(College Bound (2007)
Seniors, 2008) College Bound
Seniors (2008)
No Publication (Basham, n.d.) Basham (n.d.)
Date
Multiple Pages (Gee, 2005, pp. 8-9) Gee (2007)…(pp. 8-
9)
No Page (Brown, 2007, para. 6) Brown (2007)…
Numbers (para. 6)
 In-Text Citations: Other Variations
Basic Author Name(s) in
Sentence

Two primary authors (M. Light,2008) M. Light (2008)

with the same last name (L. Light,2006) L. Light (2006)

Multiple works by the (Derryberry& Reed, Derryberry& Reed

same author in the same 2005a) (2005a)
year (Derryberry& Reed, Derryberry& Reed
2005b) (2005b)

Multiple works by the (Gogel, 1990, 2006) Gogel (1990, 2006)

same author in the same
citation

Multiple works by (Minor, N/A

different authors in the 1999;Shafranske&
same citation Mahoney, 1998)
 Reference List
• Starts on a new page

• Title: References
–Centered
–No other changes to type

• ½ inch hanging indent

• Double spaced

• Alphabetized
 Alphabetical Order
Reference Entry
Basic: By last name Basham, C. (n.d.).
Gee, J. P. (2005).
Multiple entries by same Kaplan, R. B. (1966).
author: Earliest first Kaplan, R. B. (1988).
Multiple entries by same Hughes, C. (2005a). Adolescence
author in same year: By and parental…
title Hughes, C. (2005b). Effects of
parental neglect on…
Different authors with Light, L. (2008).
same last name: By first Light, M. (2006).
intital
No author: By title Office of institutional research.
(n.d.)
• A reference entry generally includes the
following four elements in this order:
1. Author’s name

2. Date of publication

3. Title of the work

4. Publication information
 Author’s Name
Reference Entry
1 Author Gee, J. P.
2 Authors Verhaak, L., & de Haan, E.
3-7 Authors Yoshida, T., Taga, C., Matsumoto, Y., &
Fukui, K.
8+ Authors Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich,
N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., …
Botros, N.
Group as Author University of Pittsburgh.
No Author Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang
initiative conference.
 Publication Date
Reference Entry
Book, Journal Article (2005).

Magazine, Newspaper (2008, June 5).

(2008, June).
(2008, June/July).
(2008, Summer).

No Publication Date (n.d.).

 Title of Work
Reference Entry
Article or Chapter Peer victimization in children with
obsessive-compulsive disorder: Relations
with symptoms of psychopathology.

Periodical (Journal, British Journal of Psychology.

Newspaper,
Magazine)
Book Discourse analysis: Theory and method.

The history of the Supreme Court.

 Publication Information
Reference Entry

Book New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Pretoria, South Africa: Unisa.

Periodical British Journal of Psychology, 97(1), 95-114.

(Journal,
Newspaper,
Magazine)
 Example: Book
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work.
Location: Publisher.

Example: Edition of a Book

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work (Xxx
ed.). Location: Publisher.
 Example: Chapter in an Edited Book
• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of
chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp.
xx-xx).Location: Publisher.
 Example: Article in a Journal
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year of publication). Title of
article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number),
10-20.
 Electronic Sources
• Use the same four elements (author’s name,
publication date, title of work, and publication
information) in the same order.

• Add electronic retrieval information at the end of

your entry:

– Use a DOI (digital object identifier) if available. Before

the DOI write: http://dx.doi.org/

– If no DOI is given, use a URL (uniform resource

locator). Before the URL write: Retrieved from
 Example: eBook
With DOI:
• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work [version].
Location: Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Without DOI:
• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work [version].
Location: Publisher. Retrieved from http://Webaddress

Electronic-only:
• Author, A. A. (n.d.). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Retrieved from http://Webaddress
 Example: Website

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).

Title of document. Retrieved from http://Web address
• Example:
 Example: Electronic Article with DOI
• Use the same format as a print journal

• At the end of the reference, add the DOI found

on the first page of an electronic journal article
or on the database retrieval page for the article
Example:
Example: Electronic Article without DOI

• If DOI is not available, include journal

homepage URL
• Before the URL write: Retrieved from
Practice
• Your reference entry should look like this:

Bickel, W. K. (2012). The emerging new science

of psychopathology. Addiction, 107(10), 1738-
1739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03
968.x
Adapted from APA Guide(6th Edition)