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Universal Design 1

The document discusses the concept of disability as defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). It explains that disability arises from the interaction between health conditions and environmental/personal factors. Environmental factors can create barriers or facilitators and include aspects of the built environment, technology, support systems, services, and attitudes/stigma. Changing environmental factors through policies, awareness, and infrastructure improvements can help prevent and address disability.

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46 views

Universal Design 1

The document discusses the concept of disability as defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). It explains that disability arises from the interaction between health conditions and environmental/personal factors. Environmental factors can create barriers or facilitators and include aspects of the built environment, technology, support systems, services, and attitudes/stigma. Changing environmental factors through policies, awareness, and infrastructure improvements can help prevent and address disability.

Uploaded by

Vipul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COURSE : OPEN ELECTIVE

DATE : 14/01/2019
SUBJECT : UNIVERSAL DESIGN
SUBJECT CODE : AR250
LECTURE NO: 01
BY: RIZWAN KAZMI

UNDERSTANDING DISABILITY

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA


“I am a black woman with a disability. Some people make a bad face
and don’t include me. People don’t treat me well when they see my
face but when I talk to them sometimes it is better. Before anyone makes
a decision about someone with a disability they should talk to them.”
Haydee

“Can you imagine that you’re getting up in the morning with such
severe pain which disables you from even moving out from your bed?
Can you imagine yourself having a pain which even requires you to get
an assistance to do the very simple day to day activities? Can you
imagine yourself being fired from your job because you are unable to
perform simple job requirements? And finally can you imagine your little
child is crying for hug and you are unable to hug him due to the pain in
your bones and joints?”
Nael

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA


“My life revolves around my two beautiful children. They see me as ‘Mummy’,
not a person in a wheelchair and do not judge me or our life. This is now
changing as my efforts to be part of their life is limited by the physical access of
schools, parks and shops; the attitudes of other parents; and the reality of
needing 8 hours support a day with my personal care…I cannot get into the
houses of my children’s friends and must wait outside for them to finish playing. I
cannot get to all the classrooms at school so I have not met many other parents.
I can’t get close to the playground in the middle of the park or help out at
the sporting events my children want to be part of. Other parents see me as
different, and I have had one parent not want my son to play with her son
because I could not help with supervision in her inaccessible house.”
Samantha

“Near the start of the bus route I climb on. I am one of the first passengers.
People continue to embark on the bus. They look for a seat, gaze at my hearing
aids, turn their glance quickly and continue walking by. Only when people with
disabilities will really be part of the society; will be educated in every
kindergarten and any school with personal assistance; live in the community and
not in different institutions; work in all places and in any position with accessible
means; and will have full accessibility to the public sphere, people may feel
comfortable to sit next to us on the bus.”
Ahiya
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA
INTRODUCTION
Disability is part of the human condition. Almost everyone will be temporarily
or permanently impaired at some point in life, and those who survive to old age
will experience increasing difficulties in functioning. Most extended families
have a disabled member, and many non-disabled people take responsibility
for supporting and caring for their relatives and friends with disabilities.
Every epoch has faced the moral and political issue of how best to include
and support people with disabilities. This issue will become more acute as the
demographics of societies change and more people live to an old age.

Responses to disability have changed since the 1970s, prompted largely by the
self-organization of people with disabilities, and by the growing tendency to see
disability as a human rights issue. Historically, people with disabilities have largely
been provided for through solutions that segregate them, such as residential
institutions and special schools. Policy has now shifted towards community and
educational inclusion, and medically focused solutions have given way to more
interactive approaches recognizing that people are disabled by environmental
factors as well as by their bodies.
National and international initiatives – such as the United Nations Standard
Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities of Persons with Disabilities–
have incorporated the human rights of people with disabilities, culminating
in 2006 with the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA
WHAT IS DISABILITY?
The Preamble to the CRPD acknowledges that disability is “an evolving
concept”, but also stresses that “disability results from the interaction
between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers
that hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with
others”. Defining disability as an interaction means that “disability”
is not an attribute of the person. Progress on improving social participation can
be made by addressing the barriers which hinder persons with disabilities in their
day to day lives.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA


WHAT IS DISABILITY?
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
advanced the understanding and measurement of disability. It was developed
through a long process involving academics, clinicians, and – importantly
– persons with disabilities.
The ICF emphasizes environmental factors in creating disability, which is the main
difference between this new classification and the previous International
Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH). In the ICF,
problems with human functioning are categorized in three interconnected
areas:
impairments are problems in body function or alterations in body structure – for
example, paralysis or blindness;
activity limitations are difficulties in executing activities – for example, walking or
eating;
participation restrictions are problems with involvement in any area of life – for
example, facing discrimination in employment or transportation.
Disability refers to difficulties encountered in any or all three areas of functioning.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA


WHAT IS DISABILITY?
“Health conditions” are diseases, injuries, and disorders, while “impairments” are
specific decrements in body functions and structures, often identified as
symptoms or signs of health conditions.
Disability arises from the interaction of health conditions with contextual factors –
environmental and personal factors as shown in the figure below.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA


WHAT IS DISABILITY?
The ICF contains a classification of environmental factors describing the world in
which people with different levels of functioning must live and act. These factors
can be either facilitators or barriers. Environmental factors include: products and
technology; the natural and built environment; support and relationships;
attitudes; and services, systems, and policies.

The ICF also recognizes personal factors, such as motivation and self esteem,
which can influence how much a person participates in society. However, these
factors are not yet conceptualized or classified.

It further distinguishes between a person’s capacities to perform actions and the


actual performance of those actions in real life, a subtle difference that helps
illuminate the effect of environment and how performance might be improved
by modifying the environment.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA


ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
The environment may be changed to improve health conditions, prevent
impairments, and improve outcomes for persons with disabilities.
Such changes can be brought about by legislation, policy changes, capacity
building, or technological developments leading to, for instance:
• accessible design of the built environment and transport;
• signage to benefit people with sensory impairments;
• more accessible health, rehabilitation, education, and support services;
• more opportunities for work and employment for persons with disabilities.
Environmental factors include a wider set of issues than simply physical and
information access.

Knowledge and attitudes are important environmental factors, affecting all


areas of service provision and social life. Raising awareness and challenging
negative attitudes are often first steps towards creating more accessible
environments for persons with disabilities.
Negative imagery and language, stereotypes, and stigma – with deep historic
roots – persist for people with disabilities around the world. Disability is generally
equated with incapacity. A review of health-related stigma found that the
impact was remarkably similar in different countries and across health
conditions. A study in 10 countries found that the general public lacks an
understanding of the abilities of people with intellectual impairments.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA


ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Negative attitudes towards disability can result in negative treatment of people
with disabilities, for example:
• children bullying other children with disabilities in schools
• bus drivers failing to support access needs of passengers with disabilities
• employers discriminating against people with disabilities
• strangers mocking people with disabilities
Negative attitudes and behaviors have an adverse effect on children and adults
with disabilities, leading to negative consequences such as low self-esteem and
reduced participation. People who feel harassed because of their disability
sometimes avoid going to places, changing their routines, or even moving from
their homes.
Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) programmes can challenge negative
attitudes in rural communities, leading to greater visibility and participation by
people with disabilities. A three-year project in a disadvantaged community
near Allahabad, India, resulted in children with disabilities attending school for
the first time, more people with disabilities participating in community forums,
and more people bringing their children with disabilities for vaccination and
rehabilitation.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA

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