POWER ELECTRONICS

ORIENTATION

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

MVGR College of Engineering

Prepared by
Mrs. K.Krishna Kumari
Assistant Professor
Outline
I. What is power electronics?
II. The history
III. Advantages and Disadvantages
IV. Classification of Power Processors and Converters
V. Classification of power semi conductor devices
VI. Turn ON (Triggering) methods
VII. Different converters
VIII. Applications

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Electronics
Signal Electronics Power Electronics
 Low Power  High Power
 High Frequency  Low Frequency

3
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What?
Why?
How ?

Forward Blocking State Forward Conducting State Reverse Blocking State

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What is power electronics?

Power Electronics:
The application of the electronics for conversion and
control of electric power

A more exact explanation:

The primary task of power electronics is to process and
control the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages
and currents in a form that is optimally suited for user
loads.

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 The history
Vacuum-tube rectifier,
Mercury arc rectifier,

Transistor
GTO
Silicon GTR
Thyratron

IGBT
Power diode Power MOSFET Power MOSFET
Thyristor Thyristor Thyristor
(microprocessor) (DSP)
1900 1948 1956 mid 1970s late 1980s

Pre-history 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phase

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Advantages
 High efficiency due to low loss in these semiconductor
devices

 High reliability

 Long life and less maintenance due to the absence of any

moving parts

 Fast dynamic response as compared to electromechanical

converter systems

 Small in size and less in weight and therefore lower

installation cost.

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Disadvantages

 Tendency to generate harmonics in supply system as well as in the

load circuit.

 These converters operate at a low input power factor.

 Low over load capacity.

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Classification of Power Converters

Power converters

The output to the load may have any of the following forms:

DC
Constant magnitude
Variable magnitude
AC
Constant frequency,Variable magnitude
Variable frequency, Constant magnitude

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Power Converters

Power
Output
Power DC AC
Input

AC to DC converter AC to AC converter
AC (Rectifier) Fixed frequency : AC controller
Variable frequency: Cyclo-converter

DC to DC converter DC to AC converter
DC (Chopper) (Inverter)

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 Course Objectives
To learn the characteristics of different power electronics devices
and operation of different triggering circuits

To study the operation of single phase full–wave converters and

analyse harmonics in the input current.

To study the operation of threephase full–wave converters and dual

converters.

To analyse the operation of single phase AC voltage controller,

cyclo converters and high frequency dc–dc converters.

To understand the working of inverters and application of PWM

techniques for voltage control and harmonic mitigation.

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 Course Outcomes
Student will be able to
CO1.Classify the characteristics of various power semiconductor devices and
select the appropriate semiconductor device for a particular application.

CO2. Design triggering circuits for SCR.

CO3. Analyze the operation of single phase and three phase full–wave converters
and analyze harmonics in the input current.

CO4. Explain the operation of single phase AC voltage controller and cyclo
converter

CO5. Analyze the operation of different DC-DC converters

CO6. Explain the working of inverters and application of PWM techniques for
voltage control and harmonic mitigation.

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Syllabus – AI

UNIT I: POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES (8 hours)

Introduction - Power MOSFET - IGBT – SCR -Static and

Dynamic characteristics – Turn ON and Turn OFF methods
of SCR - Ratings of SCR - Protection circuits - Triggering
circuits(R,RC and UJT)- Single phase half wave controlled
converter with R, RL, RL load with freewheeling diode and
RLE load. Estimation of average and rms load voltage and
average and rms load current - Numerical problems

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UNIT II: SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS:(8hours)

Single phase half controlled bridge converter with R, RL and RLE Load -
Estimation of average load voltage and load current for continuous and
discontinuous current operation – Single phase fully controlled bridge
converters with R,RL and RLE load- Line commutated inverter operation -
Estimation of average load voltage and load current for continuous and
discontinuous current operation –Harmonic analysis-Input power factor
estimation for ripple free load current –Effect of source inductance on the
performance of Single phase fully controlled converter- single phase dual
converters.

UNIT III:THREE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS:(8 hours)

Three phases half wave converter with R, RL Loads-Derivation of Load

Voltage. Three phase semi and full bridge converters with R and RL Load-
Derivation of average load voltage for continuous and discontinuous
output voltages. Effect of source inductance on the performance of three
phase fully controlled converter- three phase phase dual converters.

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UNIT IV: AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS (7 hours)

Principle of On-Off control of single phase ac voltage controller-

Single phase full wave ac voltage controller with R and RL load -
Estimation of RMS load voltage, RMS load current , Cyclo
converters-single phase mid-point and Bridge type cyclo
converter with R and RL loads.

UNIT V: DC TO DC CONVERTERS (7 hours)

Principle of step up and step down operation - Estimation of

load voltage and load current for continuous current operation
-Time ratio control and current limit control strategies- Two
quadrant and four quadrant DC choppers- High frequency DC–
DC converters: Buck Converter operation–Boost converter
operation– Buck-Boost converter operation – Voltage and
current waveforms–Derivation of output voltage
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UNIT VI: DC TO AC CONVERTERS (7 hours)

Voltage source inverters: Single phase bridge inverters -

Three phase bridge inverters (1200 and 1800 modes of
operation) - AC output voltage control of single phase
inverters: single –pulse-width modulation, multiple-pulse-
width modulation, sinusoidal-pulse-width modulation.

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Textbooks & References
TEXT BOOKS:
• Rashid M H, "Power Electronics – Circuits, Devices and Applications",
Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi 2nd Edition.Ned Mohan,

• P.S.Bhimbra, “Power Electronics”, Khanna Publishers, 3rd Edition

M.D. Singh and K.B.Khanchandani, “Power Electronics”, TMH Pvt Ltd.,
2nd Edition

• Undeland and Robbins, “Power Electronics - Converters, Applications and

Design”, John Wiley & sons, Singapore, 2003

REFERENCES:
• Philip T Krein, “Elements of Power Electronics”, Oxford University Press,
Inc., New York, 2003
• Joseph Vithayathil, "Power Electronics", Mc-Graw Hill series in Electrical
and Computer Engineering, USA, 1995.

Web Source References:

www.power-electronics.com
www.nptel.ac.in/.../Power%20Electronics
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Classification of power semi conductor devices

According to their degree of controllability:

Diodes
On and Off states controlled by power circuit

Thyristors
Latched ON by control signal but must be turned OFF by power circuit

Controllable switches
On and Off states controlled by control signals

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 Diode characteristics
Forward Bias Reverse Bias

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Thyristor Characteristics

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MOSFET Characteristics

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IGBT Characteristics

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 Thyristor turn ON methods

The various SCR triggering methods are

 Forward Voltage Triggering

 Thermal or Temperature Triggering

 Radiation or Light triggering

 dv/dt Triggering

 Gate Triggering

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Gate triggering

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 Different Gate triggering circuits

R- Triggering circuit RC- Triggering circuit

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 Different AC-DC converters

Uncontrolled Half wave Diode rectifier

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Different AC-DC converters
(Continued..)

Diode Bridge Rectifiers

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 Different AC-DC converters
(Continued..)

SCR controlled Half wave Rectifier

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 Different AC-DC converters
(Continued..)
Single phase fully controlled converter

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 Different AC-DC converters
(Continued..)

Single phase Half controlled converter

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Three Phase
Rectifier

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AC Voltage Controller
(AC-AC Converter)

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Single phase Cycloconverter
(AC-AC Converter)

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Full bridge inverter
(DC-AC Converter)

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Applications

 Industrial
 Transportation
 Utility systems
 Power supplies for all kinds of electronic equipment
 Residential and home appliances
 Space technology
 Other applications

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Industrial applications

 Motor drives
 Induction heating
 Welding
 Arc furnaces and ovens
 Lighting
 Electrolysis
 Electroplating

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 Transportation applications
 Trains & locomotives
 Subways
 Trolley buses
 Magnetic levitation
 Electric vehicles
 Automotive electronics
 Ship power systems
 Aircraft power systems

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Utility systems applications

 High-voltage dc
transmission(HVDC)
 Flexible ac transmission(FACTS)
 Static var compensation &
harmonics suppression: TCR, TSC
 Supplemental energy sources :
wind, photovoltaic, fuel cells
 Energy storage systems

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Power supplies for electronic
equipment

 Telecommunications

 Computers

 Office equipment

 Electronic instruments

 Portable or mobile
electronics
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Residential and home appliances

 Lighting
 Heating
 Air conditioning
 Refrigeration & freezers
 Cooking
 Cleaning

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THANK YOU