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Pencil Manufacture Report

The document discusses pencil manufacture and charcoal making. For pencil manufacture, it outlines the various wood species used, the characteristics needed for the wood, and the steps involved in the manufacturing process. For charcoal making, it describes the economic uses of charcoal, selection of raw materials, construction of pits for charcoaling, and the procedures for setting materials, starting fires, and extracting the finished charcoal.

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Hailyn Ochenta
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234 views24 pages

Pencil Manufacture Report

The document discusses pencil manufacture and charcoal making. For pencil manufacture, it outlines the various wood species used, the characteristics needed for the wood, and the steps involved in the manufacturing process. For charcoal making, it describes the economic uses of charcoal, selection of raw materials, construction of pits for charcoaling, and the procedures for setting materials, starting fires, and extracting the finished charcoal.

Uploaded by

Hailyn Ochenta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pencil Manufacture

Prof. Felizardo Gimoto


Angel R. Ochenta
Student
Pencil- is a clay or graphite or
similar material encased of wood
or holds which is primarily used for
writing and drawing.
Species for pencil manufacture

1.Southern cedar
2.Eastern cedar
3.Incense cedar
4.Benguet pine
5.Binuang
6.Kalantas
7.Malakawayan
8.Palosapis
Characteristics of species manufacture

Hardness- species for pencil making


is not too hard because it has
undergo machine abilities or it may
not too soft because it fragile.
Straight grained- more strength
Reddish in color and pleasantly
scented
Steps in pencil manufacture

Preparation of slots- a wooden


materials as a cover of the lead.
Types of slots

Blanks slot- without grooves


Slots- with grooves
For light colored wood it is impregnated with dyes and
immerse in paraffin to prevent sneering of dye in the surface.

Drying- drying of slots to 8-10% to give reddish color of slots.


Putting of grooves in the blank- size of grooves should be
equal to ½ diameter of the rod/lead to be inserted.
Application of glue- to fasten the two blanks after the rod is
inserted glue used is the polyvinyl acetate.
Putting of matching slots
Pressing- pressing of matched slots will be pressed for 24
hours at 60 to 90 psi.
Feeding to shaping machine- matched slots is
feed to the shaping machine so as to a desired
shapes.
Sanding the sides- sanding is done to smoothen
the surfaces.
Painting and varnishing- improve the
appearance of the finished products.
Stamping- printing of trademarks.
Heading- insertion of eraser
Inspection and packaging- ready for distribution
to different outlets
CHARCOAL MAKING (Pit Method)
Charcoal- is a black porous and
combustible mass produced by
control burning of wood or other
lignocellulosic materials. It has
been by man since pre- historical
times.
Economic uses of charcoal
1.Fuel for domestic cooking
2.Heating purposes
3.Metal smelting
4.Curing tobacco, meat and fish
5.Source of carbon for the manufacture of
various chemicals such disulfide, calcium
carbide, silicon carbide, sodium cyanide,
carbon monoxide, etc
Selection of raw materials
Almost all kinds of wood can be made into charcoal.
However they are heavy and there are light woods.
Charcoal produced from heavy will have good quality
because they hard and dense. The selection of speed will
depend upon the availability of raw materials locality.
Some of the recommended wood species for charcoal
making are the following, Native and giant ipil-ipil,
kakawate, binayuyu, guava, mango species considered as
having good quality charcoal products. Agriculture wastes
are potential source of materials for charcoal making.
They available in great quantities. Some
examples are the coconut shells,tree and
husks, corn cobs, peanut shells, pili nut
shells and rice hulls. Will accepted
agricultural wastes charcoal duct is the
coconut shells.
PIT CONSTRUCTION AND CHARCOALING
PROCEDURES

To produce a higher yield of


charcoal, FPRD recommends the
following techniques and
producers:
How to construct a pit
Select a convenient place, one which is
away from the house or houses in the
village to avoid smoke disturbance.
Check if there are plants or trees near the
area which may be affected the smoke. If
possible, dig the pit on clayey soil, no need
to concrete or GI sheet liningson the pit
walls.
• 1.Dig a rectangular pit of 4 meters long, 2 meters wide and 1.5
meter deep. The pit should have sloping sides with smaller
dimension at bottom which is 3.3 meters long and 1.5 meters
wide.
• 2.At one end of the pit, make 3 circular holes for the air inlets
chimney at a distance of about 1 meter away from the rim.
These how about one half meter apart should be 15 cm in
diameter and should exit toward the bottom of the pit.
• 3.Insert bamboo tubes in the holes in such a way that the
chimney at center should be higher than the air inlets.
• 4. Prepare a pit cover made of either GI sheet or flattened oil
drum should be dig enough to cover the whole pit.
Setting the Raw Materials
• Load only one kind of raw material at the time. Do not burn
wood and coconut shell together. Different raw materials burn
in different ways. Some born slowly, like wood. Some are light
like coconut husks which burn faster. If these materials are burn
together , the result will be half – charred wood and coconut
husks turn into ashes.
• When using wood burn pieces of the same sizes together. If this
is not possible , make sure that the larger pieces are either put
together at the bottom or at one end of the pit. The smaller
pieces, on the other hand, should be placed.
CHARCOAL MAKING

• Before stacking the raw materials, place long wooden or bamboo poles
along the length of the pit bottom to serve as sticker. These stickers will
leave a space between the ground and the raw materials to allow the air to
move from the inlets and floe toward one end of the pit; the air moves back
and then flow out through the chimney.
• Stack the materials carefully with smaller wood pieces piled across the pit’s
width. They should be stacked well to allow as much materials to be burned
at a single charge.
• Pile kindling materials such as dried twigs, pieces of paper or coconut coir
on top of the wood piece.
• Cover the pit with GI sheets or flattened oil drums, but leaves
an opening of about 15 cm at one end directly about the
kindling materials. Ignite the kindling materials through this
gap.
• Start the fire – make sure that the burning is underway before
closing the 15 centimeter gap. Thick smoke through the
chimney shows that burning is well underway.
• Observe the smoke that comes out of the chimney. If it is white
and thick, this means that the materials are burning to much
control the flow of air by closing and opening the air inlets.
• Check the pit cover for any possible holes or gap. This
could be easily detected when smoke comes out in
any portion of the pit cover. Put banana leaves and
soil over the cover to seal off any gap air opening.
• If this pit dimension (4x2x1.5 meters) is used. It takes
about 72 hours to complete the burning. When the
smoke out of the chimney gradually thins out and
turns bluish/ burning is almost complete.
• Wait for the kiln to cool off. It usually takes about 72
hours to cool off the kiln. In the mean time. Make sure
that there are no holes or gaps for the air to pass
through from the surface into the pit, otherwise
burning will continue and some of the charcoal will
turn to ashes.
• When the charcoal has cooled off remove the cover
and shovel out the charcoal from the pit. Put them, in
the sacks or any kind of suitable container and store in
a covered, dried place.
Thank You

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