HSDPA Workshop for Celcom

Aircom International

Robert Joyce
August 2006

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA Workshop Overview

▪ 09.00 – 12.00 Workshop

1. Motivation for HSDPA
2. HSDPA Technology Overview
Coffee Break
3. Strategic Issues relating to HSDPA Deployment
4. HSDPA Planning
5. HSDPA Optimisation
6. Summary

▪ 12.00 Lunch

▪ 14.00 Q&A Session

AIRCOM International 2006

1. Motivation for HSDPA

AIRCOM International 2006

 Motivation for HSDPA

▪ In developed markets daily usage of data services has already overtaken

equivalent voice services
▪ This trend is set to increase as more people become “connected”
▪ Fixed line is getting faster (xDSL > 1GBps)
▪ Mobile must also keep up!

AIRCOM International 2006

 History of HSDPA
Data rate

UMTS R5 HSDPA
3.6Mbps

UMTS R99
384kbps

GSM R97 HSCSD & GPRS

CS 57.6kbps, PS 45kbps

GSM Phase1
CS 9.6kbps

Time
1978 1992 2000 2001 2006

AIRCOM International 2006

 Roadmap

2G 2.5G 3G phase 1 Evolved 3G

HSUPA*

HSDPA

WCDMA

EDGE

GPRS

GSM

2000/2001 2003/2004 2005 2007

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA Data Speed Overview
▪ HSDPA allows WCDMA to offer speeds greater than those
provided by R99
▪ R99 provides 384k in both the uplink and downlink
▪ HSDPA as defined in R5 can deliver peak data rates over
10Mbps

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA – user rates
HSDPA
R99 10
5 Codes
channels

3 sector
NodeB

Data rate indicated

by colour

User rate 7.2 Mbps

3.6 Mbps

10 codes HSDPA
384 kbps
5 codes HSDPA
R99
AIRCOM International 2006
 HSDPA – benefits
Benefits towards Customers Benefits towards Operator
 pushes existing services due to  increased customer satisfaction
improved user perception  increased total NW throughput
 increased peak & average data rate  reduced cost per bit
 reduced round trip delay

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA – benefits
Some key figures
▪ Increase of maximum user bit rate by factor 10 => 3-4 Mbit/s compared to
384kBit/s
▪ Reduction of Round Trip Time (latency) by factor 2-3 => from 250ms to
100ms (GPRS: 500ms)
Resulting gains
▪ Large scale capacity extension with HSDPA less expensive than 2nd carrier
▪ Less blocking, increased throughput, reduced delay

▪ HSDPA will improve the user experience as well as the network

efficiency

AIRCOM International 2006

2. HSDPA Technical Overview

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 HSDPA - Main Features
▪ A new common High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-
DSCH) which can be simultaneously shared by multiple users
▪ Shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of 2ms, which
enables higher speed transmission in the physical layer
▪ Fast scheduling
▪ Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
▪ Fast retransmission based on fast Hybrid Automatic
Response reQuest (HARQ) techniques.

AIRCOM International 2006

 Downlink Shared Channels

fast scheduling,
multi-user diversity
2 ms
P

Node B
RNC
Scheduler
t

feedback on channel
quality for selection of
t code rate and
modulation

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA Physical Channels
Downlink
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
HS-PDSCH Data bearer: Peak data rate 14.4Mbit/s
QPSK and 16 QAM can be applied
SF=16
HS-PDSCH Up to 15, always associated with a DCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH

High Speed Shared Control Channel

SF=128
HS-SCCH Carries H-ARQ information (process number,
redundancy version and new data indicator) and
TRFI (channelisation code set, modulation
scheme, transport block size)
Up to 4 channels per UE

Uplink
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HS-DPCCH SF=256
HS-DPCCH Carries H-ARQ ACK/NACK, Channel Quality
HS-DPCCH
Information (CQI)
HS-DPCCH It can only exist with UL DPCH

AIRCOM International 2006

 Spreading Codes
▪ W-CDMA transmits in a cell over a frequency of 5 MHz

▪ All users share the same frequency

▫ Think of it like a United Nations Dinner Party
▫ In W-CDMA different users are separated by allocating them
different codes

▪ There is a limit to the number of codes a single 5MHz

carrier can support

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 The Code Tree

1 code with SF 1

2 codes with SF 2

SF 4

SF 8

SF
16

etc down to SF 512

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 The Code Tree without HSDPA
▪ For all existing channels (R99 channels) users are allocated to a
dedicated code which they use on their own until they have finished
sending their data
▪ The capacity of the code to carry data depends on its Spreading
Factor i.e. how far down the tree it is
▫ a SF8 code supports 1 x 384 Radio Bearer (RB), so max 7 per 5 MHz
sector
▫ a SF16 code supports 1 x 128 RB, so max 15 per 5 MHz sector
▫ a SF128 code supports one voice call, so max >100 per 5 MHz sector
384 user #2
128 user #1
384 user #1

SF 4

SF 8

SF
16

AIRCOM International 2006

 The Code Tree with HSDPA
▪ When a carrier is supporting HSDPA a number of codes at SF
16 are reserved for HSDPA use ONLY
384 user #1
128 user #1

SF 4

SF 8

SF
16

HSDPA reservation
e.g. 5 codes here
▪ Once reserved for HSDPA these codes and all below are
dedicated for HSDPA use and cannot be used for R99 radio
bearers

AIRCOM International 2006

 The Code Tree with HSDPA
▪ The number of codes used for HSDPA determines 3 things:
▫ The maximum possible rate a single user can get
▫ The maximum achievable rate at the cell edge
▫ The total capacity of the carrier
384 user #1
128 user #1

SF 4

SF 8

SF
16

HSDPA reservation
5 codes gives max 3.6Mbps to a single user

AIRCOM International 2006

 The Code Tree with HSDPA
▪ The number of codes used for HSDPA determines 3 things:
▫ The maximum possible rate a single user can get
▫ The maximum achievable rate at the cell edge
▫ The total capacity of the carrier
384 user #1
128 user #1

SF 4

SF 8

SF
16

HSDPA reservation
10 codes gives max 7.2Mbps to a single user

AIRCOM International 2006

 The Code Tree with HSDPA
▪ The number of codes used for HSDPA determines 3 things:
▫ The maximum possible rate a single user can get
▫ The maximum achievable rate at the cell edge
▫ The total capacity of the carrier

No R99 DL
channels possible

SF 4

SF 8

SF
16

HSDPA reservation
15 codes gives max 10.8 (14.4) Mbps to a single user

AIRCOM International 2006

 The Code Tree with HSDPA
▪ If R99 channels have dedicated codes allocated to them until they
finish sending their data, what’s the difference with HSDPA?
▫ Codes are not dedicated to a single user but rather are shared between
all HSDPA users on that carrier

▪ So how is the HSDPA code resource shared between users?

▪ There are 2 ways:
1. The HSDPA air interface transmission is split into very small time chunks
(2ms slots) then users are time multiplexed onto these slots in turn
2. The codes can be shared between multiple users in each slot

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA Code & Time Multiplexing
Number of allocated codes

UE 1 UE 23
UE UE31
UE UE 1 UE 23
UE UE31
UE

UE 2 UE 2 Time
0
TTI 0 TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4 TTI 5 etc
2ms

Number of allocated codes

5
UE 1 UE 1
UE31
UE UE31
UE
UE 2 UE 2
UE 23
UE UE 23
UE UE 23
UE UE31
UE
UE 23
UE
UE 1 Time
UE31
UE UE 2
UE 2 UE31
UE
0 UE 2
TTI 0 TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4 TTI 5 etc
2ms

AIRCOM International 2006

 Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC)
▪ There are two modulation schemes possible for HSDPA
▫ QPSK
▫ 16 QAM

2 bits 3.84 Mcps

QPSK
Modulator

Spreading

4 bits 3.84 Mcps

16QAM
Modulator

Spreading

AIRCOM International 2006

 Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC)
▪ 16 QAM allows twice the data rate to a user compared to QPSK

▪ Currently all R99 channels use QPSK

▪ 16 QAM will only be possible for users within a limited radius of the
NodeB (<20 % of the cell area ?)

▪ The Adaptive Modulation Coding scheme :

▫ can be controlled (changed) every 2 ms TTI to account for changing
radio conditions
▫ can be different for different users in different radio conditions

AIRCOM International 2006

 Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC)

t
5

Number of allocated codes UE 1 UE 23

UE UE31
UE UE 1 UE 3 UE31
UE

QPSK 16 QAM UE 2
QPSK 16 QAM 16 QAM UE 2
QPSK Time
0
TTI 0 TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4 TTI 5 etc
2ms

user in a changing user in a good user in a poor

radio channel radio channel radio channel

AIRCOM International 2006

 Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC)
▪ Coding is used to protect the user data bits from errors
▪ HSDPA has a very flexible coding scheme which can vary every
2ms and between each user
▪ This allows a much more varied distribution of data rates within a
cell
▫ Higher rates in very good radio conditions near the NodeB
▫ Higher rates compared to R99 on cell edge
Modulation Coding Rate Throughput Throughput with Throughput
with 5 codes 10 codes with 15 codes

QPSK 1/4 600 Kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps

QPSK 2/4 1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps

QPSK 3/4 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps

16QAM 2/4 2.4 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps

16QAM 3/4 3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps

16QAM 4/4 4.8 Mbps 9.6 Mbps 14 Mbps

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Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC)

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 UE Support for AMC
▪ Maximum data rate possible to a single user depends heavily on the UE
they are using
▪ There are 12 categories defined in the standards for different levels of
HSDPA support
Category Date Codes Inter- Modulation Data rate
TTI
1 5 3 QPSK/16QAM 1.2 Mbps
2 5 3 QPSK/16QAM 1.2 Mbps
3 5 2 QPSK/16QAM 1.8 Mbps
4 5 2 QPSK/16QAM 1.8 Mbps
5 5 1 QPSK/16QAM 3.6 Mbps
6 Q3/Q4 5 1 QPSK/16QAM 3.6 Mbps
2006
7 10 1 QPSK/16QAM 7.2 Mbps
8 Q1/2007 10 1 QPSK/16QAM 7.2 Mbps

9 15 1 QPSK/16QAM 10.2 Mbps

10 15 1 QPSK/16QAM 14.4 Mbps
11 5 2 QPSK only 0.9 Mbps
12 Q2/2005 5 1 QPSK only 1.8 Mbps

AIRCOM International 2006

 UE: QUALCOMM ROADMAP
QUALCOMM propose 3 main chipsets for
HSDPA:
▪ chipset 6275 with edge and hsdpa 1.8 Mbit/s:
available now (started Q2 2005). Example of products:
▫ Sierra Wireless Aircard 850
▫ Novatel Merlin U740
▫ Option Globetrotter HSDPA
▪ chipset 6280 with 3.6 Mbit/s and advanced receivers
▫ Q2 2006 with Equalizer in 4.0 (first releases
without), RX diversity in 5.0
▫ + 3 months for suppliers products + 3 more for
commercial volumes -> Q4 2006
▪ chipset 7200 with 7.2 Mbit/s and HSUPA Q3 2006
▫ + 3 months for suppliers products + 3 more for
commercial volumes

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA Peak vs. Mean data rate
 HSDPA Peak throughput: Throughput achieved in 2ms timeframe (TTI)
 HSDPA Mean throughput: Throughput seen by the customer

 HSDPA UE category and network capabilities limit the Peak data rate
HS-DSCH Max. nb. of Max user
Category bit of rate
HSDPA TB [Mbps]
per TTI
6 7298 3.36 (3.6)

8 14411 6.72 (7.2)

12 3630 1.6 (1.8)

 HSDPA peak data rate additionally depends on

Peak data rate Mean data rate Data
 RF conditions (C/I) C/I rate
kbps

 HSDPA mean data rate also depends on 1.500

 Rel99 traffic load

1.000
 HSDPA traffic load
500

2ms TTI
time

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA individual user mean data rate

RF conditions (C/I) Rel.99 traffic has HSDPA resources code- and time multiplexed
priority over HSDPA by all active HSDPA user

C/I Capacity Codes

Max cell capacity
5
HSDPA capacity
UE 1 UE 23 UE
UE UE 31 UE 1 UE 23 UE
UE UE 31
R
Rel. 99 traffic load UE 2 UE 2
Common channels
0
TTI 0 TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4 TTI 5 etc
2ms

Single user
mean data rate
3.6 Mbps
Single user data rate ≈
available HSDPA capacity
shared by several HSDPA users
limited by user C/I
Mean rate for
single user ‘A’

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA Physical Channels
Downlink
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
HS-PDSCH Data bearer: Peak data rate 14.4Mbit/s
QPSK and 16 QAM can be applied
SF=16
HS-PDSCH Up to 15, always associated with a DCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH

High Speed Shared Control Channel

SF=128
HS-SCCH Carries H-ARQ information (process number,
redundancy version and new data indicator) and
TRFI (channelisation code set, modulation
scheme, transport block size)
Up to 4 channels per UE

Uplink
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HS-DPCCH SF=256
HS-DPCCH Carries H-ARQ ACK/NACK, Channel Quality
HS-DPCCH
Information (CQI)
HS-DPCCH It can only exist with UL DPCH

AIRCOM International 2006

 AMC Selection & Feedback Mechanisms
▪ HS-DPCCH (Uplink) is used to send Channel Quality Indicators
(CQI) and ACK/NACK back to serving NodeB

AIRCOM International 2006

 AMC and CQI

CQI
1 Report
UE Signal Modul
Quality ation
4 1 Good 16QA
16QAM
M
QPSK 2 Very Good 16QA
M
3 Medium QPSK
4 Poor AIRCOM International
QPSK 2006
 Hybrid ARQ Scheme
▪ Transmit with higher code rates as possible (weaker error
correcting code) and hope data transmission is successful
▪ If transmission fails: request for repetition (MAC-hs)
▪ Receiver combines all transmission attempts
▪ Minimisation of redundancy

▪ Chase Combining:
▫ each re-transmission is an identical copy of the first transmission;
▫ maximum-ratio-combining done at the UE

▪ Incremental redundancy:
▫ each re-transmission contains additional redundancy that has not
been sent before
▫ code-combining done at the UE

AIRCOM International 2006

Coffee Break

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3. Strategic Planning For HSDPA

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 Strategic Planning For HSDPA
▪ As shown HSDPA significantly increases data rates for WCDMA
▪ However we can not just turn HSDPA on overnight
▪ Many other issues need to be addressed
▫ Where?
▫ When?
▫ Same carrier or separate carrier?
▫ Vendor Roadmaps/Vendor Interaction
▫ UE availability
▫ Typical Throughput/Capacity
▫ Transmission Dimensioning
▫ Radio Planning
▫ Optimisation

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA Where and When?
▪ Where will high speed data rate users be?
▫ Office …. (Fixed LAN)
▫ Public areas ….Coffee shop
▫ Home … alternative to fixed line … cannibalisation of own market
▫ Trains/Buses … HSDPA isn’t 100% mobile ready
▫ Data card or UE?

▪ When will the users want to use high speed data?

▫ Commuting time?
▫ Coffee breaks?
▫ Sporting events?
▫ Working hours?
▫ Do voice and data busy hours coincide?
▫ This will affect HSDPA carrier deployment strategy.

AIRCOM International 2006

 Same or Separate Carrier
▪ HSDPA can theoretically be placed on the same carrier as
existing R99 traffic or on a separate carrier dedicated for HSDPA
▪ Both have their advantages and disadvantages

R99
HSDPA

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 Same Carrier
▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages
▫ Wait and see approach ▫ Possible effect on R99 services
▫ Maximises usage of first carrier ▫ Dependent on vendor
implementation and algorithms
▫ Simple HW/SW upgrade

HSDPA & R99

AIRCOM International 2006

 Separate Carrier
▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages
▫ All codes/power resources ▫ NodeB HW & SW Upgrade
available for HSDPA traffic ▫ Cost
▫ No impact on R99 services
▫ Parameter tuning can be done
separate to R99 carrier

R99
HSDPA

AIRCOM International 2006

 Vendor Roadmaps
▪ Not all equipment vendors progress at the same rate
▪ Example NEC & Fujitsu had WCDMA BTS and UE making calls
across the air in 1999
▪ Nokia didn’t manage this until 2001 but had caught up by 2004
and overtaken Fujitsu/Alcatel by 2005

▪ HSDPA is similar
▫ Number of codes supported
▪ Nokia 5
▪ Huawei 15
▪ Alcatel 15
▫ Same carrier supported
▪ Nokia Now
▪ Huawei Now
▪ Alcatel Q4 2007

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA UE Availability
▪ As shown earlier class 6 & 12 data cards are now available
▪ These data cards cater mainly for the business market

▪ However UEs and PDAs with HSDPA functionality are now

appearing

▪ The consumer devices should help drive “consumer” high bit rate
services such as
▫ MP3 download
▫ Movie clip DL
▫ Audio streaming
▫ Video streaming

▪ Samsung SGH-ZX20

AIRCOM International 2006

 Typical Throughput/Capacity
▪ Although peak rates of 1.8, 3.6 and 14.4Mbps are often quoted in
reality users will seldom see data rates close to these
“theoretical” maximums and these rates will be shared by all HS
users within the cell
▪ Throughput will also be dependent on the users radio conditions
▫ Far from cell
▫ Mobility
▫ Own/Other cell interference ratio
▪ Therefore user bit rates are more likely to be in the 1 – 5 Mbps
range (estimated from simulation)
▪ Also the need for such throughput will depend on the application
▪ For example web browsing at 1Mbps or 5Mbps will be almost
identical with most of the delay coming from core IP network

AIRCOM International 2006

 Transmission Dimensioning

Iub

▪ If high speed services are to be offered on the Uu … the Iub must

be dimensioned accordingly
▪ Transmission upgrades can take a long time therefore it is
essential an transmission upgrade is formulated as soon as
practically possible
▪ However data traffic will suffer “soft blocking” therefore users will
only suffer lower throughput and not loss of service on high
capacity sites

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 HSDPA Radio Planning & Optimisation
HSDPA Link Budget – Coverage
Customised to Operator’s Requirements

requirements

Coverage Planning &

Ec/Io Targets
Planning
Guidelines
HSDPA Planning
Tuned
Propagation - Use of Asset 3G &
Model
Advantage
Candidate
Sites
HSDPA Optimisation
Optimisation
- Use of RanOpt Guidelines
(Coverage, Throughput
etc.)

Commercial Launch

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 HSDPA Link Budget
Link Budget – Customised Coverage
Requirements
to Operator’s requirements

▪ Link Budgets based on Operator’s coverage requirements

should be developed

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 HSDPA Coverage Planning and Ec/Io Target Levels

Coverage Planning &

Ec/Io Targets

▪ These link budgets will be used to derive

▫ HSDPA RSCP and Ec/Io Targets for both planning and
optimisation purposes
▫ Standard cell size estimation, useful if only a subset of R99 sites
will initially be upgraded to HSDPA
▫ Typical cell throughput estimation, useful for backhaul
transmission strategy

AIRCOM International 2006

 Detailed HSDPA Planning
Planning
Guidelines
HSDPA Planning
Tuned
Propagation - Use of Asset 3G &
Model
Advantage
Candidate
Sites

▪ Detailed Planning will be done using Asset 3G planning tool and

appropriate inputs such as a locally tuned propagation model
▪ The “Planning Guidelines” document should be updated based on best
practices for HSDPA planning
▪ Candidate HSDPA sites should be evaluated for coverage purposes
using the target RSCP and Ec/Io levels derived using the link budget
▪ Once the majority of sites in an area have been selected detailed Ec/Io
optimisation (tilts, azimuths etc.) should be performed using Asset
(Manual) and/or ADVANTAGE (Automatic)
▪ The recommended site configurations should then be passed to the
build teams.

AIRCOM International 2006

 Detailed Optimisation

HSDPA Optimisation
Optimisation
- Use of RanOpt Guidelines
(Coverage, Neighbours
etc.)

▪ Detailed Optimisation can be done using appropriate DT tool and

Aircom’s RANOPT 3G optimisation tool
▪ At this stage the real coverage should be verified for both RSCP (level)
and Ec/Io (quality) and adjustment to sites performed as necessary
(tilts, azimuths etc.)
▪ Also functionality tests should also be performed to verify individual
site performance and overall network performance (HSDPA enabled on
site, throughput of site etc.)
▪ Performance should be assessed against HSDPA performance KPI
targets as agreed with rest of the business
▪ HSDPA Optimisation Guidelines would be derived based on industry
best practice

AIRCOM International 2006

 Commercial Launch & Launch Critical HSDPA KPIs

Commercial Launch

▪ Commercial launch can only happen once all or at least a

critical subset of the HSDPA KPIs have been achieved
▪ Therefore in the final weeks before launch it is essential that the
optimisation effort focuses on these critical launch KPIs

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4. Radio Planning For HSDPA

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HSDPA Link Budget & Planning Guidelines (1)
▪ Detailed and documented HSDPA link budgets based upon
Operator’s coverage requirements extracted

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HSDPA Link Budget & Planning Guidelines (2)
▪ During this phase detailed HSDPA planning guidelines should be
produced

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 HSDPA Detailed Planning
▪ Detailed HSDPA planning using Asset 3G and ADVANTAGE to
maximise coverage, capacity and throughput

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Network Simulation [1] (Ec/Io)

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Network Wide HSDPA Simulation

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Viewing Results of Simulation using Reports

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5. Optimisation For HSDPA

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 HSDPA Optimisation
▪ Planning tools provide predictions
▪ Only drive surveys and network stats provide real figures

Layer 3 Messaging

Poor Coverage Area

Ec/No vs RSCP RSCP < -100
Ec/Io <-10
-18
B 0.3% 0.0% C
-16 Pilot Pollution Area
RSCP >= -100
Ec/Io <-10
-14

-12 -10dB

-10
Ec/Io (dB)

-8

-6

-4 Good Coverage Area OK Coverage Area

RSCP >= -100 RSCP < -100
Ec/Io >=-10 Ec/Io >=-10
-2

A -100 dBm D
0

99.7% 0.0%
2
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120

RSCP (dBm)

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA Optimisation
▪ Celcom’s network has already been optimised for R99 services
(DL 384kbps)
▪ HSDPA will be mainly throughput driven

Average FTP Throughput per FTP Transfer

400

350

300
FTP Throughput (kbps)

250

Uplink Transfers
200
Dow nlink Transfers

150

100

50

0
1 11 22 32 43

FTP Transfer

AIRCOM International 2006

6. Summary

AIRCOM International 2006

 HSDPA Workshop Summary
This workshop has addressed the following
1. Motivation for HSDPA
2. HSDPA Technology Overview
3. Strategic Issues relating to HSDPA Deployment
4. HSDPA Planning
5. HSDPA Optimisation

▪ HSDPA finally brings High Speed Data to the mobile user … and
with it a number of issues to be addressed by the operator
deploying it

▪ Further information on Aircom’s comprehensive HSDPA training

course can be found at
http://www.aircom.co.uk/coursedetails.html?Course_Code=K022

AIRCOM International 2006

Questions & Answer Session

AIRCOM International 2006